FOR  INVENTORS 

MECHANICS 


THE 

UNITED    STATES 

PATENT  LAW. 

^ 

INSTRUCTIONS 

How  to  Obtain  Letters  Patent 

FOR   NEW  INVENTIONS: 

INCLUDING   A    VARIETY   OF    USEFUL    INFORMATION    CONCERNING    THE 
RULES  AND   PRACTICE  OF  THE   PATENT-OFFICE  ;    How   TO  SELL 
PATENTS  ;   How  TO  SECURE  FOREIGN  PATENTS  ;  FORMS  FOR 
ASSIGNMENTS  AND  LICENSES  ;  TOGETHER  WITH  EN- 
GRAVINGS AND   DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  CON- 
DENSING   STEAM-ENGINE,    AND    THE 
PRINCIPAL  MECHANICAL  MOVE- 
MENTS, VALUABLE  TABLES, 
CALCULATIONS,  PROB- 
LEMS, ETC.,  ETC. 


MUNN  &  CO,,  SOLICITORS  OF  PATENTS, 

No.  37  Park  Row,  New-Yoik. 


PUBLISHED    BY    MUNN    &    CO.,    AT    THE    OFFICE    OF    THE 
SCIENTIFIC    AMERICAN, 

isro.  37  IP^RK: 

1870. 


ENTERED,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1S65,  l>y 

MUNN   &  CO., 

in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the 
Southern  District  of  New-York. 


S.   W.   GREEN. 
16  and  18  Jacob  Street,  Xew-York. 


HOW   TO   INVENT. 


V  we  were  asked  to  point  out 
the  course  of  life,  business,  or 
enterprise  upon  which  any  man 
of  ordinary  gifts  might  enter, 
with  the  best  prospects  of 
speedy  success,  we  should  un- 
hesitatingly direct  him  to  in- 
vention. Many  and  wonderful 
have  been  the  achievements  of 
modern  genius.  But  the  realm 
of  invention  is  absolutely  ex- 
haustless,  and  only  its  outer 
edges  have  been  explored.  The 
world  has  yet  to  witness  the 
most  astounding  triumphs  of  mind  over  matter. 

It  is  a  popular  error  to  suppose  that  much  knowledge, 
painful  effort,  constant  disappointment,  and  many  weari- 
some  failures  are  the  necessary  preliminaries  to  an  invent- 
or's success.  True,  there  are  individual  examples  of  this 
kind  ;  they  are  exceptions. 

It  may  be  affirmed  as  the  general  rule,  that  inventors 
make  money  more  quickly,  more  easily,  and  with  less  ex- 
penditure of  thought,  capital,  or  labor,  than  any  other  class 
of  men. 

It  may  also  be  affirmed  that  industrial  enterprises  and 
speculations  which  are  connected  with  the  development  and 
introduction  of  new  inventions  are  among  the  most  sure  and 
profitable  investments  that  can  be  made. 

The  readiest  way  to  invent  is  to  keep  thinking.  In  order 
to  supply  the  mind  with  a  constant  succession  of  subjects, 
the  inventor  should  cultivate  habits  of  observation.  Keep 
your  eyes  and  ears  open.  Examine  things  about  you,  and 
seek  to  know  how  they  are  made,  and  how  improved. 

The  young  inventor  should  acquire  a  knowledge  of  the 
general  laws  and  principles  of  natural  philosophy,  chem- 
istry, and  all  of  the  sciences. 


SMALL    INVENTIONS   MOST   PROFITABLE. 


Leisure  hours  might  be  occupied  with  drawing  and  with 
books  suggestive  of  improvements.  To  avoid  waste  of 
time  in  reproducing  old  devices,  the  inventor  should  be 
well  posted  in  regard  to  inventions  that  have  already  been 
patented.  For  this  purpose,  an  attentive  study  of  The  Sci- 
entific American  will  be  almost  indispensable. 

The  Boston  Journal  makes  the  following  useful  remarks: 
"  Of  course,  in  order  to  succeed,  a  new  invention  must  be 
superior  to  any  thing  that  has  preceded  it,  and  must  be  sold 
at  a  price  that  will  enable  it  to  be  brought  into  general  use. 

People  cannot  afford  to  throw  away  old  implements  unless 
the  new  ones  are  enough  better  to  make  up  for  the  loss. 
Let  inventors  produce  a  good  article,  at  a  moderate  price, 
and  they  will  be  sure  of  success." 


SMALL     INVENTIONS     MOST    PKOFITABLE. 

Ix  an  official  report  of  a  Chief  Examiner  of  the  United 
States  Patent  Office,  we  find  the  following :  "  A  patent,  if 
it  is  worth  any  thing,  when  properly  managed,  is  worth  and 
can  easily  be  sold  for  from  ten  to  fifty  thousand  dollars. 
These  remarks  only  apply  to  patents  of  minor  or  ordinary 
value.  They  do  not  include  such  as  the  telegraph,  the 
planing-machine,  and  the  rubber  patents,  which  are  worth 
millions  each.  A  few  cases  of  the  first  kind  will  better  il- 
lustrate my  meaning. 

'  A  man  obtained  a  patent  for  a  slight  improvement  in 
straw-cutters,  took  a  model  of  his  invention  through  the 
Western  States,  and  after  a  tour  of  eight  months,  returned 
with  forty  thousand  dollars  in  cash,  or  its  equivalent. 

'Another  inventor  obtained  extension  of  a  patent  for  a  ma- 
chine to  thresh  and  clean  grain,  and  sold  it,  in  about  fifteen 
months,  for  sixty  thousand  dollars.  A  third  obtained  a 
patent  for  a  printer's  ink,  and  refused  fifty  thousand  dollars,  I 
and  finally  sold  it  for  about  sixty  thousand  dollars. 

'  These  are  ordinary  cases  of  minor  invention,  embracing 
no  very  considerable  inventive  powers,  and  of  which  hun- 
dreds go  out  from  the  Patent  Office  every  year.  Experience  \ 
shows  that  the  most  profitable  patents  are  those  which  con- 1 
tain  very  little  real  invention,  and  are  to  a  superficial  ob-  i 
server  of  little  value." 


HOW   TO    OBTAIN   PATENTS. 


HOW    TO    OBTAIN    PATENTS. 

HE  first  inquiry  that  presents  itself 
to  one  who  has  made  any  improve- 
ment or  discovery  is  :  "  Can  I  ob- 
tain a  Patent  ?"  A  positive  answer 
can  only  be  had  by  presenting  a 
complete  application  for  a  Patent 
to  the  Commissioner  of  Patents. 
An  application  consists  of  a  Model, 
Drawings,  Petition,  Oath,  and  full 
Specification.  Various  official  rules 
and  formalities  must  also  be  ob- 
served. The  efforts  of  the  invent- 
or to  do  all  this  business  himself 
are  generally  without  success.  Af- 1 
ter  a  season  of  great  perplexity  and 
delay,  he  is  usually  glad  to  seek 
the  aid  of  persons  experienced  in  patent  business,  and  have 
all  the  work  done  over  again.  The  best  plan  is  to  solicit 
proper  advice  at  the  beginning. 

If  the  parties  consulted  are  honorable  men,  the  inventor 
may  safely  confide  his  ideas  to  them ;  they  will  advise  whe- 
ther the  improvement  is  probably  patentable,  and  will  give 
him  all  the  directions  needful  to  protect  his  rights. 

We  (MuNN  &  Co.)  have  been  actively  engaged  in  the  busi- 
ness of  obtaining  patents  for  over  twenty-five  years.  Many 
thousands  of  inventors  have  had  benefit  from  our  counsels. 
A  large  proportion  of  all  patents  granted  are  obtained  by  us. 
Those  who  have  made  inventions  and  desire  to  consult 
with  us  in  regard  to  obtaining  patents  are  cordially  invited 
to  do  so.  We  shall  be  happy  to  see  them  in  person  at  our 
office,  or  to  advise  them  by  letter.  In  all  cases,  they  may 
expect  from  us  an  honest  opinion.  For  such  consultations, 
opinion,  and  advice,  we  make  no  charge.  A  pen-and-ink 
sketch  and  a  description  of  the  invention  should  be  sent, 
together  with  stamps  for  return  postage.  Write  plain  ;  do 
not  use  pencil  nor  pale  ink  ;  be  brief. 

All  business  committed  to  our  care,  and  all  consultations, 
are  kept  by  us  secret  and  strictly  confidential.  Address 
MUNN  &  Co.,  37  Park  Row,  New- York. 


SPECIAL    EXAMINATIONS. 


SPECIAL    EXAMINATIONS. 

FEE  $5. 

N  many  cases  it  will  be  advisable,  as 
a  measure  of  prudence,  to  order  a 
PRELIMINARY  EXAMINATION.  This 
consists  of  a  special  search,  made 
at  the  U.  S.  Patent  Office,  Wash- 
ington, through  the  medium  of  our 
^,  house  in  that  city,  to  ascertain  whe-  j 
j  ther,  among  all  the  thousands  of 
i  patents  and  models  there  stored, 
any  invention  can  be  found  which 
will  prevent  the  grant  of  a  patent. 
On  the  completion  of  this  special  search,  we  send  a  written 
report  of  the  result  to  the  party  concerned,  with  suitable 
advice.  Our  charge  for  this  service  is  $5. 

If  the  device  has  been  patented,  the  time  and  expense 
of  constructing  models,  preparing  documents,  etc.,  will,  in 
most  cases,  be  saved  by  means  of  this  search ;  if  the  in- 
vention has  been  in  part  patented,  the  applicant  will  be  en- 
abled to  modify  his  claims  and  expectations  accordingly. 
Many  other  obvious  advantages  attend  Preliminary  Ex- 
nination,  although  the  strictest  search  does  not  always 
enable  the  applicant  to  know  absolutely,  whether  a  patent 
will  be  granted. 

For  example,  applications  for  patents  are  sometimes  re- 
jected because  the  Examining  Officer  finds  a  description  of 
the  alleged  invention  in  some  foreign  publication ;  or  some 
other  person  has  been  previously  rejected  on  an  analogous 
device ;  or  some  other  invention,  for  a  similar  purpose, 
partially  resembles  the  applicant's  in  its  construction  ;  or 
the  Government  makes  an  unjust  or  uncommon  decision. 
Against  none  of  these  contingencies  does  the  Preliminary 
Examination  provide. 

It  will,  however,  generally  inform  the  applicant  whether 
an  improvement  similar  to  his,  and  used  for  the  same  pur- 
pose, has  ever  been  patented  in  this  country. 

Parties  desiring  the  Preliminary  Examination  are  request- 
ed to  remit  the  fee,  ($5,)  and  furnish  us  with  a  sketch  or 
photograph,  and  a  brief  explanation  of  the  invention. 


GENERAL    INFORMATION. 


Where  examination  is  wanted  upon  more  than  one  inven- 
tion, $5  for  each  must  be  sent ;  as  each  device  requires  a 
separate,  careful  search.  Address  MUNN  &  Co.,  37  Park 
Row,  N.  Y. 

OTHFB,    INFORMATION. 

IF  you  wish  for  general  information 
as  to  the  rules  and  law  of  Infringe- 
ments, Reissues,  Claims,  etc.,  state  your 
inquiries  clearly,  and  remit  $5.  Opin- 
ions in  special  cases  of  Infringement 
cost  more.  See  page  16. 

If  you  wish  for  advice  in  regard  to 
assignments,  or  upon  the  rights  of  par- 
ties under  assignments,  joint  ownership  in  patents,  con- 
tracts, or  licenses,  state  the  points  clearly  upon  which  in- 
formation is  wanted,  and  remit  $5. 

If  you  desire  to  know  in  whose  name  the  title  to  a  Pat- 
ent is  officially  recorded,  at  Washington  ;  or  if  you  wish 
for  an  abstract  of  all  the  deeds  of  transfer  connected  with 
a  Patent,  send  us  the  name  of  the  patentee,  date  of  patent, 
etc.,  and  remit  $5. 

If  you  desire  a  sketch  from  the  drawings  of  any  Patent, 
and  a  description  from  the  specification,  give  the  patentee's 
name,  date  of  the  patent,  and  remit  $5. 

If  you  desire  to  have  an  assignment  ot  a  Patent,  or  any 
share  thereof,  or  a  license,  made  out  in  the  proper  manner, 
and  placed  on  record,  give  us  the  full  names  of  the  parties, 
residences,  title  of  the  invention,  etc.,  and  remit  $5.  This 
includes  record  fee. 

Inventions  or  shares  thereof  may  be  assigned  either  be- 
fore or  after  the  grant  of  a  patent.  Agreements  and  con- 
tracts in  regard  to  inventions  need  to  be  recorded,  like  as- 
signments, at  Washington.  For  any  agreement  or  contract 
that  you  wish  prepared,  remit  $5. 

(B21F*  Remember  that  we  (MuN.v  &  Co.)  have  branch-offices 
in  Washington,  and  have  constant  access  to  all  the  public 
records.  We  can  therefore  make  for  you  any  kind  of  search, 
or  look  up  for  you  any  sort  of  information  in  regard  to  Pat- 
ents, or  Inventions,  or  Applications  for  Patents,  either  pend- 
ing or  rejected,  that  you  may  desire. 


HOW   TO    FILE    CAVEATS. 


ifc 


CAVEATS. 

THE  filing  of  a  Caveat  is  often- 
times of  great  importance,  as  it  may 
be  quickly  done,  and  affords  a  limit- 
ed  but   immediate  protection.     The 
filing  of  a  Caveat  prevents,  during 
its  existence,  the  issue  of  a  patent, 
without  the  knowledge  of  the  Cave- 
\      ator,  to  any  other  person  for  a  simi- 
lar device.     The  Caveator  is  entitled 
-    to  receive  official   notice,  during  a 
'-  ^:    period  of  one  year,  of  any  other  pe- 
-  __;    tition  for  a  patent  for  a  similar  or 
interfering  invention,   filed    during 
that  time.     On  receiving  such  offi- 
cial notice,  the  Caveator  is  required 
to   complete    his    own   application 
within  three  months  from  the  date 
of  the  notice. 

A  Caveat  consists  of  a  Specification,  Drawing,  Oath,  and 
Petition.  To  be  of  any  value,  these  papers  should  be 
carefully  drawn  up,  and  the  official  rules  scrupulously  com- 
plied with.  Xo  model  is  required.  Our  facilities  enable  us 
to  prepare  Caveat-papers  with  great  dispatch. 

When  specially  desired,  we  can  have  them  ready  to  send  to 
the  applicant,  for  signature  and  affidavit,  by  return  mail,  or 
at  an  hour's  notice.  The  official  fee  for  a  Caveat  is  $10, 
and  we  generally  charge  $10  or  §15  to  prepare  the  accom- 
panying papers  and  attend  to  the  business — making  $20  or 
$25"  in  all. 

A  Caveat  runs  for  a  year,  and  can  be  extended  by  paying 
$10  a  year. 

Caveats  can  only  be  filed  by  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
and  aliens  who  have  resided  here  one  year  and  have  de- 
clared their  intention  to  become  citizens. 

To  enable  us  to  prepare  Caveat  papers,  all  that  we  need 
is  a  sketch,  drawing,  or  photograph,  and  description  of  the 
invention,  with  which  remit  fees  as  above.  Model  not  re- 
quired. 


EXPENSES    OF    OBTAINING    A    PATENT. 


PATENTS. 

UNDER  the  present  American 
law,  all  persons  pay  the  same 
official  fees,  without  distinction  as 
to  nationality.  Patents  are  also 
granted  to  women  and  minors ; 
also  the  executors  or  adminis- 
trators of  deceased  inventors. 

The  first  government  fee  on 
filing  an  application  for  a  patent 
is  $15  ;  stamps,  $1.  Add  to  this 
the  attorney's  charge  for  draw- 
ings, specification,  and  attend- 
ance to  the  business  of  the  case 
I  before  the  Patent-Office.  Our  charge  for  these  services  is, 
for  simple  cases,  $25  ;  and  from  that  price  upward  to  $35 
or  more,  according  to  the  time  and  labor  required.  If  the 
patent  is  "  allowed,"  a  second  government  fee  of  $20  is  then 
to  be  paid. 

,   RECAPITULATION    OF    COSTS. 

First  Government  fee  and  stamps,     -         -  -     $16 

Munn  &  Co.,  Specifications,  Drawings,  and  Business,        25 


*Cost  of  making  the  application,     - 
Second  Government  fee,  payable  if  allowed,  - 


$41 
20 


f  Whole  cost  of  Patent,  (if  a  simple  case,)  -  $61 
In  order  to  apply  for  a  patent,  all  that  is  necessary  is  to 
send  a  model  of  the  invention  to  Munn  &  Co.,  by  express, 
with  an  explanation  of  the  merits  and  working  of  the  in- 
vention. Never  mind  spelling  or  grammar,  but  be  very 
particular  to  give  your  ideas  in  full  about  the  invention. 
Send  us  also  the  first  government  fee  of  $16.  We  will  then 
prepare  the  drawings  and  specification,  and  send  the  latter 
to  you  for  signature  and  oath. 

Do  not  put  the  money  in  the  box  with  the  model,  for  it  is 
liable  to  be  stolen.  Remit  by  express,  postal  order,  check, 
or  draft.  See  page  11. 


10  AMENDMENTS    AND    APPEALS. 


AMENDMENTS   AND    APPEALS. 

WE,  Munn  &  Co.,  have  an  ex 
tensive  Branch  House  in  Wash" 
ingtou,  employing  a  corps  of 
skilled  assistants,  and  we  make  it 
our  special  duty  to  watch  over  the 
cases  of  our  clients  while  they  are 
before  the  Patent-Office.  If  the 
examining  officer  objects  to  the 
grant  of  the  claims,  or  gives  re- 
ferences, or  requires  amendments, 

^—.—^—^  we  examine  the  references,  and 

^BKHiBliiiiiSH^  make  the  amendments,  if  we  deem 
them  proper,  so  as  to  secure  the  allowance  of  our  client's 
patent  as  soon  as  possible.  When  the  examiner  refuses  to 
allow  a  patent,  and  rejects  the  case,  we  report  the  fact  to 
our  client,  and  inform  him  as  to  the  probabilities  of  obtain- 
ing a  reversal  of  the  examiner's  decision  by  an  appeal  to 
the  Examiners-in  Chief. 

First  Appeal. — The  government  fee  payable  by  the  appli- 
cant on  making  an  appeal  to  the  Examiners-in-Chief,  is  $10. 
Our  charges  for  preparing  and  conducting  this  appeal  are 
very  moderate,  and  in  part  contingent  upon  success. 

Second  Appeal. — From  the  decision  of  the  Examiners-in 
Chief  an  appeal  may  be  taken  to  the  Commissioner  of 
Patents.  Government  fee,  $20. 

Third  Appeal. — From  the  decision  of  the  Commissioner 
of  Patents  an  appeal  may  be  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  District  of  Columbia.  The  applicant  pays  all  the 
costs. 

REJECTED   CASES. 

We  shall  be  happy  to  take  up  REJECTED  CASES,  or  to  re- 
model defective  papers  for  parties  who  have  made  applica- 
tion for  themselves  or  through  other  agents.  Terms  mo- 
derate. Address  Munn  &  Co.,  stating  the  particulars. 

LAPSED    CASES. 

WHERE  a  patent  has  been  allowed  but  forfeited  by  neglect 
to  pay  the  second  government  fee,  the  case  maybe  renewed 
within  two  years,  by  filing  a  new  application.  See  page  60. 


ABOUT    MODELS    AND    REMITTANCES. 


11 


MODELS,    REMITTANCES,    ETC. 

ERSONS  who  apply  for  pa- 
tents are  by  law  required  to 
furnish  a  model,  in  all  cases 
where  the  invention  can  be 
illustrated  or  partly  illus- 
trated by  a  model.  The 
model  must  not  exceed 
twelve  inches  in  any  of  its 
dimensions ;  it  should  be 
neatly  made,  of  hard  wood 
or  metal,  or  other  substan- 
tial material ;  the  name  of 
the  inventor  should  be  engraved  or  painted  upon  it  con- 
spicuously. Where  the  invention  consists  of  an  improve- 
ment on  some  known  machine,  or  part  of  a  machine,  a  full 
working  model  of  the  whole  will  not  be  necessary.  It 
should  be  sufficiently  perfect,  however,  to  show,  with  clear- 
ness, the  nature  and  operation  of  the  invention.  More  than 
one  patent  cannot  be  taken  out  on  one  model. 

When  the  invention  consists  of  a  new  article  of  manufac- 
ture or  a  new  composition,  samples  of  the  article  must  be 
furnished. 

New  medicines  or  medical  compounds,  and  useful  mix- 
tures of  all  kinds,  are  patentable.  Samples  must  be  fur- 
nished, and  a  very  minute  statement  must  be  made  of  the 
exact  proportions  and  ingredients  used. 

As  soon  as  the  model  or  specimen  is  ready,  it  should  be 
carefully  boxed  and  shipped,  by  express  or  otherwise,  to 
our  address,  namely,  MUNN  &  Co.,  No.  37  Park  Row,  New- 
York  City.  Prepay  the  expense,  and  send  the  express 
receipt  to  us  by  mail. 

Simultaneously  with  the  model  or  specimens,  the  invent- 
or should  also  send  us  the  first  instalment  of  the  Govern- 
ment fee  and  stamps,  $16.  The  money  may  be  forwarded 
either  by  express,  with  the  model,  or  by  mail.  The  safest 
way  to  remit  is  by  draft  on  New- York,  payable  to  our  order, 
or  by  Post-Office  order.  Always  send  a  letter  with  the 
model,  and  also  with  the  remittance,  stating  the  name  and 


12  NEW    INVENTIONS. 


address  of  the  sender.  We  sometimes  receive  envelopes 
containing  money,  but  without  any  name  or  explanation ; 
models  are  also  frequently  sent  us  from  equally  unknown 
sources. 

A  full  written  description  should  also  be  sent  with  the 
model,  embodying  all  the  ideas  of  the  inventor  respecting  the 
operation  and  merits  of  the  improvement.  This  statement  is 
often  of  assistance  to  us  in  preparing  the  specification. 

On  the  reception  of  the  model  and  Government  fee,  the 
case  is  duly  registered  upon  our  books,  and  the  application 
proceeded  with  as  fast  as  possible.  When  the  documents 
are  ready,  we  send  them  to  the  inventor  by  mail,  for  his  ex- 
amination, signature  and  affidavit,  with  a  letter  of  instruc- 
tion, etc.  Our  fee  for  preparing  the  case  is  then  due,  and 
will  be  called  for.  Immediately  on  its  return,  the  case  will 
be  presented  to  the  Patent  Office,  and  as  soon  as  the  patent 
is  allowed,  the  applicant  will  be  notified  to  remit  the  last 
instalment  of  the  Government  fee,  namely,  $20,  and  the 
patent  will  then  be  issued. 

Inventors  who  do  business  with  us  will  be  notified  of  the 
state  of  their  application  in  the  Patent  Office,  when  it  is 
possible  for  us  to  do  so.  We  do  not  require  the  personal 
attendance  of  the  inventor,  unless  the  invention  is  one  of 
great  complication ;  the  business  can  be  done  as  well  by 
correspondence. 

The  average  time  required  to  procure  a  patent  is  six 
weeks.  We  frequently  get  them  through  in  less  time  ;  but 
in  other  cases,  owing  to  delay  on  the  part  of  the  officials, 
the  period  is  sometimes  extended  to  two  or  three  months, 
and  even  more.  We  make  a  special  point  to  forward  our 
cases  as  rapidly  as  possible. 


Be  neither  lavish  nor  niggardly;  of  the  two,  avoid  the 
latter.  A  mean  man  is  universally  despised,  but  public- 
favor  is  a  stepping-stone  to  preferment ;  therefore,  generous 
feelings  should  be  cultivated. 

Never,  under  any  circumstances,  assume  a  responsibility 
you  can  avoid  consistently  with  your  duty  to  yourself  and 
others. 


DESIGN"    PATENTS. 


13 


DESIGN  PATENTS. 

THE  laws  for  the  grant  of  patents  for 
new  designs  are  of  the  most  liberal  and 
comprehensive  character,  and  their  bene- 
fits may  be  enjoyed  by  all  persons,  with- 
out distinction  as  to  nationality. 

Foreign  designers  and  manufacturers 
who  send  goods  to  this  country  may  se- 
cure patents  here  upon  their  new  patterns, 
and  thus  prevent  other  makers  from  sell- 
ing similar  goods  in  this  market. 

A  patent  for  a  design  may  be  granted 
to  any  person,  whether  citizen  or  alien, 
who,  by  his  own  industry,  genius,  efforts, 
and  expense,  has  invented  or  produced 
any  new  and  original  design  for  a  manu- 
facture, bust,  statue,  alto-relievo,  or  bas-relief;  any  new  and 
original  design  for  the  printing  of  woolen,  silk,  cotton,  or 
other  fabrics ;  any  new  and  original  impression,  ornament, 
pattern,  print,  or  picture,  to  be  printed,  painted,  cast,  or 
otherwise  placed  on  or  worked  into  any  article  of  manufac- 
ture ;  or  any  new,  useful,  and  original  shape  or  configuration 
of  any  article  of  manufacture,  the  same  not  having  been 
known  or  used  by  others  before  his  invention  or  production 
thereof,  or  patented  or  described  in  any  printed  publication, 
upon  payment  of  the  duty  required  by  law,  and  other  due 
proceedings  had  the  same  as  in  cases  of  inventions  or  dis- 
coveries. 

Patents  for  designs  are  granted  for  the  term  of  three 
and  one  half  years,  or  for  the  term  of  seven  years,  or  for 
the  term  of  fourteen  years,  as  the  said  applicant  may  elect 
in  his  application. 

The  petition,  oath,  specification,  assignments,  and  other 
proceedings  in  the  case  of  applications  for  letters-patent  for 
a  design  are  the  same  as  for  other  patents. 

The  applicant  must  furnish  drawings  of  the  design  or 
photographs  thereof,  in  which  latter  case  the  Patent-Office 
requires  that  the  negative  shall  also  be  furnished. 

Those  who  desire  to  obtain  patents  for  Designs  are  re- 


14  DESIGN    PATENTS. 

quested  to  communicate  with  Munn  &  Co.,  No.  37  Park 
Row,  New-York.  City  residents  by  calling  at  our  office  can 
have  all  the  business  promptly  attended  to. 

The  expenses  for  design  patents  are  as  follows : 

Patent  for  three  and  a  half  years,  whole  expense,  $20. 

Patent  for  seven  years,  whole  expense,  $25. 

Patent  for  fourteen  years,  whole  expense,  $40. 

The  above  includes  government  fees  and  agents'  charges.* 

The  personal  presence  of  the  applicant  is  not  necessary 
in  order  to  obtain  a  design  patent,  as  the  business  can  be 
done  by  correspondence. 

Those  who  reside  at  a  distance  should  send  us  their 
names  in  full,  middle  name  included,  together  with  two 
photographs  of  the  design  not  mounted,  and  the  negative. 
Also  remit  the  fees  as  above,  by  draft,  check,  or  postal  or- 
der. We  will  then  prepare  the  petition,  oath,  and  specifica- 
tion, and  forward  the  same  to  the  applicant  for  signature. 
On  their  return  by  him,  the  papers  are  filed  at  the  Patent- 
Office,  when  an  official  examination  is  made,  and  if  no  con- 
flicting design  is  found  to  exist,  a  patent  is  issued. 

For  further  information  address  Munn  &  Co.  as  above. 

HARNESS    BLACKING. 

MELT  1  pound  bees-wax,  stir  in  4  ounces  ivory-black,  2 
ounces  spirits  turpentine,  2  ounces  Prussian  blue  ground  in 
oil,  and  4  ounce  copal  varnish.  Make  into  balls.  With  a 
brush  apply  it  to  harness,  and  polish  with  silk  gently. 

RIGHTS    OF    WOMEN"    AND    MINORS. 

UNDER  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  women  and  minors 
may  obtain  patents  and  copy-rights ;  they  may  also  file  ca- 
veats and  register  trade-marks.  The  laws  make  no  distinc- 
tions as  to  sex  or  age. 

A  GALLON  of  sea-water  weighs  68.31  pounds,  and  contains 
4  to  5£  ounces  of  salt. 


*[The  government  fee  is  $10  for  three  and  a  half  years,  $15  for 
seven  years,  and  $30  for  fourteen  years.  Our  (Munn  «fc  Co.) 
charges  are  $10.  When  it  is  inconvenient  for  applicants  to  fur- 
nish their  own  drawings  or  photographs,  we  can  supply  them  at  a 
reasonable  cost.] 


TRADE-MARKS.  15 

TKADE-MAKKS. 

ANY  person  or  firm  domiciled  in  the  United  States,  and 
any  corporation  created  by  the  authority  of  the  United 
States,  or  of  any  State  or  territory  thereof,  and  any  per- 
son, firm,  or  corporation  resident  of  or  located  in  any  for- 
eign country  which,  by  treaty  or  convention,  affords  simi- 
lar privileges  to  citizens  of  the  United  States,  and  who  are 
entitled  to  the  exclusive  use  of  any  lawful  trade-mark,  or 
;  who  intend  to  adopt  or  use  any  trade-mark  for  exclusive 
i  use  within  the  United  States,  may  obtain  protection  for 
such  lawful  trade-mark  by  complying  with  the  official  re- 
quirements. 

Those  who  desire  to  secure  protection  for  trade-marks, 
labels,  etc.,  are  requested  to  communicate  with  Munn  & 
Co.,  No.  37  Park  Row,  New- York. 

City  residents,  by  calling  at  our  office,  can  have  all  the 
j  business  quickly  attended  to.     Those  who  live  at  a  dis- 
tance will  please  observe  the  following  directions  : 

1.  Send  us  the  names  of  the  parties,  their  residence,  and 
place  of  business. 

2.  State  the  class  of  merchandise  and  the  particular  de- 
scription of  goods  in  connection  with  which  the  trade- 
mark is  to  be  used. 

3.  Describe    the  particular   mode  in  which  the  trade- 
mark has   been  and  is  intended  to  be  applied  and  used. 
For  example,  for  a  trade-mark  for  sheetings,  the  statement 
would  be,  "  The   trade-mark  is  to  be  printed  in  blue  ink, 
upon  the  outside  of  each  piece  of  sheeting  "     Or,  '  The 
trade-mark  is  to  be  printed  in  black,  or  red,  white,  and 
blue,  upon  the  exterior  of  a  paper  wrapper,  which  is  to 
cover  or  extend  around  each  package  of  the  goods." 

4.  State  whether  the  trade  mark  is  already  in  use,  and  if 
so,  how  long  it  has  been  used. 

5.  Send  us  six  copies  of  the  trade-mark. 

Also  remit  at  the  same  time  $35  in  full  for  the  expenses, 
of  which  $25  are  for  government  fees,  and  $10  Munn  & 
Co.'s  charge. 

We  will  then  prepare  the  necessary  petition,  declaration, 
and  oath  for  signature  by  the  applicant,  and  shortly  there- 
after forward  to  him  the  official  certificate  of  protection. 


16  TRADE-MARKS. 


In  applying  for  protection  for  a  trade-mark,  a  declaration 
must  be  made  under  oath  by  the  applicant  or  some  member 
of  the  firm  or  officer  of  the  corporation,  to  the  effect  that 
the  party  claiming  protection  for  the  trade-mark  has  a 
right  to  the  use  of  the  same,  and  that  no  other  person, 
firm,  or  corporation  has  a  right  to  such  use,  either  in  the 
identical  form  or  having  such  near  resemblance  thereto 
as  might  be  calculated  to  deceive,  and  that  the  description 
and  fac-similes  presented  for  record  are  true  copies  of  the 
trade-mark  sought  to  be  protected. 

Trade-marks  remain  in  force  for  thirty  years,  and  may 
be  renewed  for  thirty  years  more,  except  in  cases  where 
such  trade-mark  is  claimed  for,  and  applied  to,  articles  not 
manufactured  in  this  country,  and  in  which  it  receives  pro- 
tection under  the  laws  of  any  foreign  country  for  a  shorter 
period,  in  which  case  it  shall  cease  to  have  force  in  this 
country  at  the  same  time  that  it  becomes  of  no  effect  else- 
where. 

No  proposed  trade-mark  will  be  received  or  recorded 
which  is  not  and  can  not  become  a  lawful  trade-mark,  or 
which  is  merely  the  name  of  a  person,  firm,  or  corporation 
only,  unaccompanied  by  a  mark  sufficient  to  distinguish  it 
from  the  same  name  when  used  by  other  persons,  or  which 
is  identical  with  a  trade-mark  appropriate  to  the  same  class 
of  merchandise  and  belonging  to  a  different  owner,  and  al- 
ready registered  or  received  for  registration,  or  which  so 
nearly  resembles  such  last-mentioned  trade-mark  as  to  be 
likely  to  deceive  the  public;  but  any  lawful  trade-mark  al- 
ready lawfully  in  use  may  be  recorded 

The  right  to  the  use  of  any  trade-mark  is  assignable  by 
any  instrument  of  writing,  and  such  assignment  must  be 
recorded  in  the  Patent-Office  within  sixty  days  after  its  ex- 
ecution. 

Trade-marks  are  registered  at  the  Patent-Office  in  the  ex- 
act order  of  their  reception,  the  exact  time  of  receipt  being 
noted  and  recorded. 

Certified  copies  of  any  trade-mark  may  always  be  ob- 
tained. 

For  further  information  concerning  trade-marks  address 
Munn  &  Co. 


OUR    FOREIGN    AGENCIES. 


17 


GENERAL     K E M A K K S  . 

OR  over  twenty  years  Messrs. 
MUNN  &  Co.  have  been  per- 
sonally familiar  with  the  prog- 
ress of  invention  and  discov- 
ery. As  an  evidence  of  the 
confidence  reposed  in  them, 
they  may  with  propriety  refer 
to  the  extraordinary  fact  that 
nearly  TWENTY  THOUSAND 
PATENTS  have  been  obtain- 
ed by  them ;  and  through  their 
efficient  Branch  Office  in  Wash- 
ington they  have  examined  in- 
to the  novelty  of  many  thou- 
sand inventions,  thus  affording  to  them  a  knowledge  of  the 
contents  of  the  Patent  Office  unrivalled  by  any  existing 
agency. 

Not  only  this,  but  a  large  majority  of  all  the  patents 
secured  by  American  citizens  in  European  countries  are 
taken  through  MUNN  &  CO.'S  AGENCIES  IN  LONDON, 
PARIS,  BRUSSELS,  BERLIN,  AND  VIENNA. 

In  addition  to  the  advantages  which  the  long  experience 
and  great  success  of  our  firm  in  obtaining  patents  present 
to  inventors,  they  are  informed  that  all  inventions  patented 
through  our  establishment  are  noticed,  at  the  proper  time,  in 
THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN.  This  paper  is  read  by  more 
than  one  hundred  thousand  persons  every  week,  and  has 
the  most  extensive  and  influential  circulation  of  all  the 
journals  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 


No  individual  in  the  country  can  possibly  have  so  good 
an  opportunity  of  knowing  and  judging  as  to  the  extent  of 
business  and  the  qualification  of  patent  attorneys  as  the 
Commissioner  of  Patents.  Judge  MASON,  upon  retiring 
from  the  office  of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  sent  us  the 
following  very  flattering  written  testimonial : 


IS         LETTERS   FROM   THE   COMMISSIONERS. 


COMMISSIONER   MASON'S    LETTER. 

MESSRS.  MTJNN  &  Co.  : 

I  take  pleasure  in  stating  that,  while  I  held  the  office  of 
Commissioner  of  Patents,  MORE  THAN  ONE  FOURTH  OF  ALL  THE 

BUSINESS  OF  THE  OFFICE  CAME  THROUGH  YOUR  HANDS.      I  have 

no  doubt  that  the  public  confidence  thus  indicated  has  been 
FULLY  DESERVED,  as  I  have  always  observed,  in  all  your  in- 
tercourse with  the  office,  a  MARKED  DEGREE  of 'prompt- 
ness, skill,  and  fidelity  to  the  interests  of  your  employers. 
Yours,  very  truly,  CHAS.  MASON. 


Judge  MASON  was  succeeded  by  that  eminent  patriot  and 
statesman,  Hon.  JOSEPH  HOLT,  whose  administration  of  the 
Patent  Office  was  so  distinguished  that  he  was  appointed 
Postmaster-General  of  the  U.  S.  Hon.  Mr.  HOLT  was  subse- 
quently appointed  Judge- Advocate-General.  He  addressed 
us  the  following  very  gratifying  communication  : 

COMMISSIONER    HOLT'S    LETTER. 

MESSRS.  MUNN  &  Co.: 

It  affords  me  much  pleasure  to  bear  testimony  to  the 
able  and  efficient  manner  in  which  you  discharged  your  du- 
ties as  Solicitors  of  Patents  while  I  had  the  honor  of  hold- 
ing the  office  of  Commissioner.  Your  business  was  VERY 
,  LARGE,  and  you  sustained  (and  I  doubt  not  justly  deserved) 
I  the  reputation  of  energy,  MARKED  ABILITY,  and  -uncom- 
promising fidelity  in  performing  your  professional  engage- 
ments. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant,          J.  HOLT. 


Hon.  "WM.  D.  BISHOP,  late  Member  of  Congress  from 
Connecticut,  succeeded  Mr.  HOLT  as  Commissioner  of  Pat- 
ents. Upon  resigning  the  office,  he  wrote  to  us  as  follows  . 

COMMISSIONER   BISHOP'S   LETTER. 

|  MESSRS.  MUNN  &  Co. : 

It  gives  me  much  pleasure  to  say  that,  during  the  time 
of  my  holding  the  office  of  Commissioner  of  Patents,  a  very 


HOW  TO  CONVERT  PAPER  INTO  GOLD. 


large  proportion  of  the  business  of  inventors  before  the 
Patent  Office  was  transacted  through  your  agency ;  and  that 
I  have  ever  found  you  faithful  and  devoted  to  the  interests 
of  your  clients  as  'well  as  EMINENTLY  QUALIFIED  to 
perform  the  duties  of  Patent  Attorneys  with  skill  and  ac-  i 
curacy. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

WM.  D.  BISHOP. 


I  One  great  reason  for  our  unrivalled  success  is,  that  our 
|  affairs  are  so  systematized  and  arranged  under  our  personal 
|  direction,  that  every  patent  case  submitted  to  our  care  re- 
j  ceives  the  most  careful  study  during  its  preparation,  the 
|  most  prompt  dispatch,  and  the  most  thorough  attention  at 
;  every  stage  of  its  subsequent  progress. 


HOW  TO  CONVERT  PAPER  INTO  GOLD. 

SEND  a  subscription  in  paper  money  to  Munn  &  Co.,  and 
enjoy  a  year's  reading  of  THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN.  Ten  to 
one  that  the  information  thus  obtained  will  result  in  bringing 
into  your  coffers,  before  the  year  is  out,  a  hundred  times 
more  money  in  gold,  than  the  original  investment. 


HE  speed  of  an  electric  spark  travelling 
over  a  copper  wire,  has  been  ascertained  j 
by  Wheatstone  to  be  two  hundred  and 
eighty-eight  thousand  miles  in  a  second.  ' 


PARTIES  sending  models  to  the  SCIENTI-  I 
FIG  AMERICAN  office,  on  which  they  de- 
cide not  to  apply  for  Letters  Patent,  and 
which  they  wish  preserved,  will  please  to 
order  them  returned  as  early  as  possible,  j 
We  cannot  undertake  to  store  such  mod- 

:  els,  and  if  not  called  for  within  a  reasonable  time,  we  are  ; 

I  obliged  to  destroy  them,  to  make  room  for  new  arrivals. 


;  'JO         INFORMATION   CONCERNING    PATENTS. 

GENERAL 
INFORMATION  CONCERNING  PATENTS. 

COMPILED    CHIEFLY    FROM    THE 

OFFICIAL    RULES  AND   REGULATION'S    FOR   PROCEEDINGS    IX   THK 
PATENT-OFFICE,   INCLUDING  FORMS  FOR  ASSIGNMENTS,  ETC- 


Who  may  obtain  a  Patent. 

ANY  person,  whether  citizen  or  alien,  being  the  original 
and  first  inventor  or  discoverer  of  any  new  and  useful  art, 
machine,  manufacture,  or  composition  of  matter,  or  any  new 
and  useful  improvement  thereof,  may  obtain  a  patent  for  his 
invention  or  discovery. 

Joint  inventors  are  entitled  to  a  joint  patent ;  neither  can 
claim  one  separately  ;  but  independent  inventors  of  separate 
improvements  in  the  same  machine  can  not  obtain  a  joint 
patent  for  their  separate  inventions ;  nor  does  the  fact  that 
one  man  furnishes  the  capital  and  the  other  makes  the  in- 
vention entitle  them  to  take  out  a  joint  patent. 

In  case  of  an  assignment  of  the  whole,  or  of  any  undivid- 
ed interest  in  the  invention,  the  patent  may  issue  to  the 
assignee  of  the  whole  interest,  or  jointly  to  the  inventor  and 
the  assignee  of  the  undivided  interest,  the  assignment  being 
first  entered  of  record,  and  the  application  being  duly  made 
and  the  specification  duly  sworn  to  by  the  inventor. 

The  application  must  be  made  by  the  actual  inventor,  if 
alive,  even  if  the  patent  is  to  issue  or  reissue  to  an  assignee ; 
but  where  the  inventor  is  dead,  the  application  and  oath  may 
be  made  by  the  executor  or  administrator. 


INFORMATION   CONCERNING   PATENTS.         21 

Form  of  Petition  for  a  Patent  vithpoioer  of  Attorney. 

To  THE  COMMISSIONER  OP  PATENTS: 

Your  petitioner  prays  that  letters-patent  may  be  granted 
to  him  for  the  invention  set  forth  in  the  annexed  specifica- 
tion ;  and  he  hereby  appoints  Munn  &  Co.,  of  the  cities  of 
New- York  and  Washington,  D.  C.,  his  attorneys,  with  full 
power  of  substitution  and  revocation,  to  prosecute  this  ap- 
plication, to  make  alterations  and  amendments  therein,  to 
receive  the  patent,  and  to  transact  all  business  in  the  Patent- 
Office  connected  herewith.  PETER  PENDENT. 

[Fifty-cent  revenue  stamp.] 

Two  or  more  distinct  and  separate  inventions  may  not  be 
claimed  in  one  application  ;  but  where  several  inventions  are 
necessarily  connected  each  with  the  other,  they  may  be  so 
claimed. 

The  specification  must  be  signed  by  the  inventor,  or  if 
deceased,  by  his  executor  or  administrator,  and  must  be  at- 
tested by  two  witnesses.  Full  names  must  be  given,  and  all 
names,  whether  of  applicant  or  witnesses,  must  be  legibly 
written. 

The  Oath  of  Invention. 

The  oath  of  invention  should  follow  the  specification. 
The  following  is  the  official  form  : 

STATE  OP  NEW- YORK,  COUNTY  OF  ALBANY,  ss. : 

Peter  Pendent,  the  above-named  petitioner,  being  duly 
sworn,  (or  affirmed,)  deposes  and  says  that  he  verily  be- 
lieves himself  to  be  the  original  and  first  inventor  of  the  im- 
provement in  seed-drills  described  in  the  foregoing  specifi- 
cation ;  that  he  does  not  know  and  does  not  believe  that  the 
same  was  ever  before  known  or  used  ;  and  that  he  is  a 
citizen  of  the  United  States.  PETER  PENDENT. 

Sworn  to  and  subscribed  before  me  this  13th  day  of 
March,  1869.  SIMON  SHALLOW, 

Justice  of  the  Peace. 

If  the  applicant  be  an  alien,  the  sentence,  "  and  that  he  is 


22         INFORMATION"    CONCERNING    PATENTS. 


a  citizen  of  the  United  States,"  will  be  omitted,  and  in  lieu 
thereof  will  be  substituted,  "  and  that  he  is  a  citizen  of  the 
republic  of  Mexico,"  or,  "  and  that  he  is  a  subject  of  the 
King  of  Italy,"  or,  "  of  the  Queen  of  Great  Britain,"  or  as 
the  case  may  be. 

If  the  applicants  claim  to  be  joint  inventors,  the  oath  will 
read,  "  that  they  verily  believe  themselves  to  be  the  original, 
first,  and  joint  inventors,"  etc. 

The  oath  or  affirmation  may  be  made  before  any  person 
within  the  United  States,  authorized  by  la\v  to  administer 
oaths,  or,  when  the  applicant  resides  in  a  foreign  country. 
before  any  minister,  charge  d'affaires,  consul,  or  commercial 
agent,  holding  commission  under  the  government  of  the 
United  States,  or  before  any  notary  public  of  the  foreign 
country  in  which  the  applicant  may  be,  the  oath  being  at- 
tested iu  all  cases,  in  this  and  other  countries,  by  the  proper 
official  seal  of  such  notary. 

TJie  Drawings. 

The  applicant  for  a  patent  is  required  by  law  to  furnish  a 
drawing  of  his  invention,  where  the  nature  of  the  ease  ad- 
mits of  it. 

Such  drawing  must  be  on  thick,  smooth  drawing-paper, 
sufficiently  stiff  to  support  itself  in  the  portfolios  of  the 
office.  It  must  be  neatly  and  artistically  executed,  with 
such  detached  sectional  views  as  to  clearly  show  what  the 
invention  is  in  construction  and  operation.  Each  part  must 
be  distinguished  by  the  same  number  or  letter  whenever  it 
appears  in  the  several  drawings.  The  name  of  the  invention 
should  be  written  at  the  top,  the  shortest  side  being  consi- 
dered as  such.  This  drawing  must  be  signed  by  the  appli- 
cant or  his  attorney,  and  attested  by  two  witnesses,  and 
must  be  sent  with  the  specification. 

The  sheet  must  not  be  larger  than  ten  inches  by  fifteen, 
that  being  the  size  of  the  patent.  If  moro  illustrations  are 
needed,  several  sheets  must  be  used. 

The  Model. 
An  applicant  upon  filing  his  specification  and  drawings 


INFORMATION    CONCERNING    PATENTS.         23 


may  submit  to  the  Commissioner  the  question  whether  he 
shall  deposit  a  model  or  specimen  of  his  invention  ;  other 
wise,  a  model  will  be  required  in  every  case,  except  for 
designs,  where  the  nature  of  the  invention  admits  of  such 
illustration.  Such  model  must  clearly  exhibit  every  feature 
of  the  machine  which  forms  the  subject  of  a  claim  of  inven- 
tion. 

The  model  must  be  neatly  and  substantially  made,  of 
durable  material.  It  should  be  made  as  small  as  possible, 
but  not  in  any  case  more  than  one  foot  in  length,  width,  or 
height.  If  made  of  pine  or  other  soft  wood,  it  should  be 
painted,  stained,  or  varnished.  Glue  must  not  be  used,  but 
the  parts  should  be  so  connected  as  to  resist  the  action  of 
heat  or  moisture. 

A  working  model  is  always  desirable,  in  order  to  enable 
the  office  fully  and  readily  to  understand  the  precise  opera- 
tion of  the  machine.  The  name  of  the  inventor,  and  of  the 
assignee,  (if  assigned,)  and  also  the  title  of  the  invention, 
must  be  affixed  upon  it  in  a  permanent  manner. 

Compositions  of  Matter. 

When  the  invention  is  a  composition  of  matter,  a  speci- 
men of  each  of  the  ingredients  and  of  the  composition  must 
accompany  the  application,  and  the  name  of  the  inventor 
and  of  the  assignee  (if  there  be  one)  must  be  permanently 
affixed  thereto. 

TJie  Official  Examination. 

No  application  can  be  examined,  nor  can  the  case  be 
placed  upon  the  files  for  examination,  until  the  fee  is  paid, 
the  specification,  with  the  petition  and  oath,  filed,  and  the 
drawings  and  model  or  specimen  (when  required)  filed  or 
deposited. 

All  cases  in  the  Patent-Office  are  classified  and  taken  up 
for  examination  in  regular  order ;  those  in  the  same  class 
being  examined  and  disposed  of,  as  far  as  practicable,  in  the 
order  in  which  the  respective  applications  are  completed. 
When,  however,  the  invention  is  deemed  of  peculiar  impor- 
tance to  some  branch  of  the  public  service,  and  when,  for 
that  reason,  the  head  of  some  department  of  the  govern- 


I  24        INFORMATION    CONCERNING    PATENTS. 


ment  specially  requests  immediate  action,  the  case  will  be 

!  taken  up  out  of  its  order.  These,  with  applications  for  reis- 
sues, and  for  letters-patent  for  inventions  for  which  a  for- 
eign patent  has  already  been  obtained,  which  cases  have 
precedence  over  original  applications,  are  the  only  exceptions 
to  the  rule  above  stated  iu  relation  to  the  order  of  examina- 
tion. 

The  personal  attendance  of  the  applicant  at  the  Patent- 
Office  is  unnecessary.  The  business  can  be  done  by  corre- 
spondence or  by  attorney. 

The  Patent-Office  will  not  return  specifications  for  amend-  j 
ment ;  and  in  no  case  will  any  person  be  allowed  to  take  [ 
any  papers,  drawings,  models,  or  samples  from  the  office. 
If  applicants  have  not  preserved  copies  of  such  papers  as 

,  they  wish  to  amend,  the  office  will  furnish  them  on  the  usual 

i  terms. 

The  final  fee  on  issuing  a  patent  must  be  paid  within  six 
months  after  the  time  at  which  the  patent  was  allowed,  and 
notice  thereof  sent  to  the  applicant  or  his  agent.  And  if 

!  the  final  fee  for  such  patent  be  not  paid  within  that  time, 
the  patent  will  be  forfeited,  and  the  invention  therein  de- 
scribed become  public  property,  as  against  the  applicant 
therefor,  unless  he  shall  make  a  new  application  therefor 
within  two  years  from  the  date  of  the  original  allowance. 

Date  of  Patent. 

Every  patent  will  bear  date  as  of  a  day  not  later  than  six 
months  from  the  time  at  which  it  was  passed  and  allowed, 
and  notice  thereof  was  sent  to  the  applicant  or  his  agent, 
and  if  the  final  fee  shall  not  be  paid  within  that  period,  the 
patent  will  be  withheld.  No  patent  will  be  antedated. 


Every  applicant  for  a  patent  or  the  reissue  of  a  patent, 
any  of  the  claims  of  which  have  been  twice  rejected,  and 
,  every  party  to  an  interference,  may  appeal  from  the  decision 
•  of  the  primary  examiner,  or  of  the  examiner  in  charge  of 
}  interferences,  in  such  case,  to  the  board  of  examiners-in- 
.  chief,  having  once  paid  a  fee  of  ten  dollars.  For  this  pur- 


INFORMATION  CONCERNING  PATENTS. 


25 


pose  a  petition  in  writing  must  be  filed,  signed  by  the  party 
or  his  authorized  agent  or  attorney,  praying  an  appeal  and 
setting  forth  briefly  and  distinctly  the  reasons  upon  which 
the  appeal  is  taken. 

All  cases  which  have  been  acted  on  by  the  board  of 
examiners-in-chief  may  be  brought  before  the  Commissioner 
in  person,  upon  a  written  request  to  that  effect,  and  upon 
the  payment  of  the  fee  of  twenty  dollars  required  by  law. 
A  case  deliberately  decided  by  one  Commissioner  will  not 
be  disturbed  by  his  successor.  The  only  remaining  remedy 
will  be  by  appeal,  in  those  cases  allowed  by  law,  to  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  sitting  in  bane. 

The  mode  of  appeal  from  the  decision  of  the  office  to  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia  is  by  giving 
written  notice  thereof  to  the  Commissioner ;  said  notice  be- 
ing accompanied  by  the  petition  addressed  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  by  the  reasons  of  appeal 
and  by  a  certified  copy  of  all  the  original  papers  and  evi- 
dence in  the  case.  The  reasons  of  appeal  must  be  filed 
within  thirty  days  after  notice  of  the  decision  appealed 
from. 

[NOTE. — Messrs.  MITNN  &  Co.  have  had  twenty-five  yeara' 
experience  in  conducting  appeals  iu  patent  cases.] 

Interferences. 

An  "  interference  "  is  an  in- 
terlocutory proceeding  for  the 
purpose  of  determining  which 
of  two  or  more  persons,  each 
or  either  of  whom  claims  to  be 
the  first  inventor  of  a  given 
device  or  combination,  really 
made  the  invention  first. 

The  fact  that  one  of  the  par- 
ties has  already  obtained  a  pa- 
tent will  not  prevent  an  inter- 
ference; for,  although  the  Commissioner  has  no  power  to 
cancel  a  patent  already  issued,  he  may,  if  he  finds  that  an- 
other person  was  the  prior  inventor,  give  him  also  a  patent, 


26         INFORMATION    CONCERNING    PATENTS. 


and  thus  place  them  on  an  equal  footing  before  the  courts 
and  the  public. 

Upon  the  declaration  of  an  interference,  each  party  will  be 
required,  before  any  time  is  set  for  the  taking  of  testimony, 
to  file  a  statement  under  oath  giving  the  date  and  a  detailed 
history  of  the  invention  ;  showing  the  successive  experi- 
ments, steps  of  development,  extent  and  character  of  use, 
and  forms  of  embodiment.     Such  statement  shall  not   be 
open  to  inspection  by  the  other  party,  until  both  are  filed, 
i  or  until  the  time  for  filing  both  has  expired.     In  default  of 
I  such  filing  by  either  party,  or  if  the  statement  of  either  fails 
to  overcome  the  prima-facie  case  made  by  the  respective  i 
dates  of  application,  or  if  it  shows  that  the  invention  has  I 
been  abandoned  or  that  it  has  been  in  public  use  for  more 
i  than  two  years  prior  to  the  application  of  affiant,  the  other 
party  shall  be  entitled  to  an  adjudication  by  default  upon 
the  case  as  it  stands  upon  the  record. 

In  cises  of  interference,  parties  have  the  same  remedies 

by  appeal  as  other  applicants,  to  the  examiners-in-chief  and 

to  the  Commissioner,  but  no  appeal  lies,  in  such  cases,  from 

the  decision  of  the  Commissioner.     Appeals  in  interference 

|  cases  should  be  accompanied  with  a  brief  statement  of  the 

I  reasons  thereof. 

In  cases  of  interference,  the  party  who  first  filed  so  much 
'  of  his  application  for  a  patent  as  illustrates  his  invention 
will  be  deeaned  the  first  inventor  in  the  absence  of  all  proof 
to  the  contrary.     A  time  will  be  assigned  in  which  the  other 
party  shall  complete  his   direct  testimony ;  and  a  further 
time" in  which  the  alverse  party  shall  complete  the  testimony 
j  on  his  side ;  and  a  still  further  time  in  which  both  parties 
j  may  take  rebutting  testimony,  but  shall  take  no  other.     If 
•  there  are  more  than  two  parties,  the  times  for  taking  testi- 
'  mouy  shall  be  so  arranged,  if  practicable,  that  each  shall  ; 
have  a  like  opportunity  in  his  turn,  each  being  held  to  go  i 
forward  and  prove  his  case  against  those  \vho  filed  their  ap 
.  plications  before  him. 

If  either  party  wishes  the  time  for  taking  his  testimony,  or 
for  the  hearing,  postponed,  he  must  make  application  for 
such  postponement,  and  must  show  sufficient  reason  for  it 
by  affidavit  filed  before  the  time  previously  appointed  has 


INFORMATION    CONCERNING   PATENTS. 


elapsed,  if  practicable  ;  and  must  also  furnish  his  opponent 
with  copies  of  his  affidavits,  and  with  reasonable  notice  of 
the  time  of  hearing  his  application. 

[NOTE. — The  management  of  interferences  is  one  of  the 
most  important  duties  in  connection  with  Patent-Office  busi- 
ness. Our  terms  for  attention  to  interferences  are  mode- 
rate, and  dependent  upon  the  time  required.  Address  all 
letters  to  MUNN  &  Co.,  No.  37  Park  Row,  New-York.] 

Reissues. 

A  reissue  is  granted  to  the 
original  patentee,  his  legal  re- 
presentatives, or  the  assignees 
of  the  entire  interest,  when  by 
reason  of  a  defective  or  insuf- 
ficient specification  the  origi- 
nal patent  is  inoperative  or 

invalid,  provided  the  error  nas  arisen  from  inadvertence,  ac- 
cident, or  mistake,  and  without  any  fraudulent  or  deceptive 
intention  ;  but  although  the  patent  has  been  assigned,  the 
application  must  be  made,  and  the  specification  sworn  to,  by 
the  inventor. 

The  petition  for  a  reissue  must  show  that  all  parties  own- 
ing any  undivided  interest  in  the  patent,  concur  in  the  sur- 
render. A  statement,  under  oath,  of  the  title  of  the  party 
proposing  to  surrender  must  be  filed  with  the  application. 

The  general  rule  is,  that  whatever  is  really  embraced  in 
the  original  invention,  and  so  described  or  shown  that  it 
might  have  been  embraced  in  the  original  patent,  may  be  the 
subject  of  a  reissue  ;  but  no  new  matter  shall  be  introduced  i 
into  the  specification,  nor  in  case  of  a  machine  patent  shall  I 
the  model  or  drawings  be  amended,  except  each  by  the  i 
other ;  but,  when  there  is  neither  model  nor  drawing,  amend- 1 
ments  may  be  made  upon  proof  satisfactory  to  the  Commis-  j 
sioner,  that  such  new  matter  or  amendment  was  a  part  of  j 
the  original  invention,  and  was  omitted  from  the  specifica- 
tion by  inadvertence,  accident,  or  mistake,  as  aforesaid. 

Reissued  patents  expire  at  the  end  of  the  term  for  which 
the  original  patent  was  granted.  For  this  reason  applications 
for  reissue  will  be  acted  upon  as  soon  as  filed. 


28        INFORMATION   CONCERNING    PATENTS. 


A  patentee,  in  reissuing,  may  at  his  option  have  a  separate 
patent  for  each  distinct  and  separate  part  of  the  invention 
comprehended  in  his  original  patent,  by  paying  the  required 
fee  in  each  case,  and  complying  with  the  other  requirements 
of  the  law,  as  in  original  applications.  Each  division  of  a 
reissue  constitutes  the  subject  of  a  separate  specification  de- 
scriptive  of  the  part  or  parts  of  the  invention  claimed  in  such 
division ;  and  the  drawing  may  represent  only  such  part  or 
par:s.  All  the  divisions  of  a  reissue  will  issue  simultaneously. 
If  there  be  controversy  as  to  one,  the  other  will  be  withheld 
from  issue  until  the  controversy  is  ended. 

In  all  cases  of  applications  for  reissues,  the  original  claim, 
if  reproduced  in  the  amended  specification,  is  subject  to  re- 
examination,  and  may  be  revised  and  restricted  in  the  same 
manner  as  in  original  applications;  but  if  any  reissue  be  re- 
fused, the  original  patent  will,  upon  request,  be  returned  to 
the  applicant. 

[XOTE. — The  documents  required  for  a  reissue  are  a  state-  | 
ment,  petition,  oath,  specification,  drawing?.  The  official 
fee  is  s30.  Our  charge,  in  simple  cases,  is  $30  for  prepar- 
ing and  attending  to  the  case.  Total  ordinary  expense,  $60. 

By  means  of  reissue,  a  patent  may  sometimes  be  divided 
into  several  separate  patents.  Many  of  the  most  valuable 
patents  have  been  several  times  reissued  and  subdivided. 
Where  a  patent  is  infringed  and  the  claims  are  doubtful  or 
defective,  it  is  common  to  apply  for  a  reissue  with  new 
claims  which  shall  specially  meet  the  infringers. 

On  making  application  for  reissue,  the  old  or  original  pa- 
tent must  be  surrendered  to  the  Patent-Office,  in  order  that 
a  new  patent  may  be  issued  in  its  place.  If  the  original  pa- 
tent has  been  lost,  a  certified  copy  of  the  patent  must  be 
furnished,  with  affidavit  as  to  the  loss.  To  enable  us  to  pre- 
pare a  reissue,  the  applicant  should  send  to  us  the  original 
patent,  remit  as  stated,  and  give  a  clear  statement  of  the  , 
points  which  he  wishes  to  have  corrected.  We  can  then 
immediately  proceed  with  the  case.  Address  MCNN  &  Co., 
37  Park  Row,  New- York.  We  have  had  twenty-five  years' 
experience  in  obtaining  reissues.] 


INFORMATION    CONCERNING    PATENTS.         29 


Disclaimers. 

Whenever,  by  inadvertence,  accident,  or  mistake,  the 
claim  of  invention  in  any  patent  is  too  broad,  embracing 
more  than  that  of  winch  the  patentee  was  the  original  or  first 
inventor,  some  material  or  substantial  part  of  the  thing  pa- 
tented being  truly  and  justly  his  own,  the  patentee,  his  heirs 
or  assigns,  whether  of  the  whole  or  of  a  sectional  interest, 
may  make  disclaimer  of  such  parts  of  the  thing  patented  as 
the  disclaimant  shall  not  choose  to  claim  or  to  hold  by  virtue 
of  the  patent  or  assignment,  stating  therein  the  extent  of  his 
interest  in  such  patent ;  which  disclaimer  shall  be  in  writ- 
ing, attested  by  one  or  more  witnesses,  and  recorded  in  the 
Patent-Office.  The  official  fee  on  filing  a  disclaimer  is  ten 
dollars. 

Extensions. 

Power  is  vested  in  the  Commissioner  to  extend  any  patent 
granted  prior  to  March  2d,  1861,  for  seven  years  from  the 
expiration  of  the  original  term ;  but  no  patent  granted  since 
March  2d,  1861,  can  be  extended. 

The  applicant  for  an  extension  must  file  his  petition  and 
pay  in  the  requisite  fee  not  more  than  six  months  nor  less 
than  ninety  days  prior  to  the  expiration  of  his  patent. 
There  is  no  power  in  the  Commissioner  to  renew  a  patent 
after  it  has  once  expired. 

The  applicant  for  an  extension  must  furnish  to  the  office 
a  statement  in  writing,  under  oath,  of  the  ascertained  value 
of  the  invention,  and  of  his  receipts  and  expenditures  on  ac- 
count thereof,  both  in  this  and  foreign  countries.  This 
statement  must  be  made  particular  and  in  detail,  unless  suf- 
ficient reason  is  set  forth  why  such  a  statement  can  not  be 
furnished.  It  must  be  filed  within  thirty  days  after  filing 
the  petition. 

[NOTE. — Only  patents  issued  prior  to  March  4th,  1861,  can 
be  extended. 

Many  valuable  patents  are  annually  expiring  which  might 
readily  be  extended,  and,  if  extended,  might  prove  the  source 
of  wealth  to  their  fortunate  possessors. 

All  the  documents  connected  with  extensions  require  to  be 


30    INFORMATION  CONCERNING  PATENTS. 


carefully  drawn  up  and  attended  to,  as  any  failure,  discre- 
pancy, or  untruth  in  the  proceedings  or  papers  is  liable  to  de- 
feat the  application. 

In  case  of  the  decease  of  the  inventor,  his  administrator 
may  apply  for  and  receive  the  extension ;  but  no  extension 
can  be  ap'plied  for  or  granted  to  an  assignee  of  an  inventor. 
Parties  desiring  extensions  will  address  MUNN  &  Co.,  37  Park 
Row,  New- York.] 

Assignments. 

A  patent  may  be  assigned,  either  as  to  the  whole  interest 
or  any  undivided  part  thereof,  by  any  instrument  of  writing. 
No  particular  form  of  words  is  necessary  to  constitute  a 
valid  assignment,  nor  need  the  instrument  be  sealed,  wit- 
nessed, or  acknowledged. 

A  patent  will,  upon  request,  issue  directly  to  the  assignee  | 
or  assignees  of  the  entire  interest  in  any  invention,  or  to 
the  inventor  and    the  assignee  jointly,  when  an  undivided 
part  only  of  the  entire  interest  has  been  conveyed. 

In  every  case  where  a  patent  issues  or  reissues  to  an  as- 
signee the  assignment  must  be  recorded  in  the  Patent-Office 
at  least  five  days  before  the  issue  of  the  patent,  and  the 
specification  must  be  sworn  to  by  the  inventor. 

Every  assignment  or  grant  of  an  exclusive  territorial 
right  must  be  recorded  in  the  Patent-Office  within  three 
months  from  the  execution  thereof ;  otherwise  it  will  be 
void  as  against  any  subsequent  purchaser  or  mortgagee  for 
a  valuable  consideration  without  notice;  but,  if  recorded 
after  that  time,  it  will  protect  the  assignee  or  grantee 
against  any  such  subsequent  purchaser,  whose  assignment 
or  grant  is  not  then  on  record. 

The  patentee  may  convey  separate  rights  under  his 
patent  to  make  or  to  use  or  to  sell  his  invention,  or  he  may 
convey  territorial  or  shop  rights  which  are  not  exclusive. 
Such  conveyances  are  mere  licenses,  and  need  not  be  re- 
corded. 

The  receipt  of  assignments  is  not  generally  acknowledged 
by  the  office.  They  will  be  recorded  in  their  turn  within 
a  few  days  after  their  reception,  and  then  transmitted  to 
the  persons  entitled  to  them.  A  five-cent  revenue  stamp 


INFORMATION    CONCERNING    PATENTS.         31 


[  is  required  for  each  sheet  or  piece  of  paper  on  which  an 
!  assignment,  grant,  or  license  may  be  written. 

!  Forms  of  Assignments  of  the  entire  interest  in  an  invention 
before  the,  issue  of  letters-jc 


In  consideration  of  one  dollar  to  me  paid  by  Ephraini  G. 
Hall,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  I  do  hereby  sell  and  assign  to  said 
Ephraini  G.  Hall  all  my  right,  title,  and  interest  in  and  to  a 
certain  invention  in  plows,  as  fully  set  forth  and  described 
in  the  specification  which  I  have  prepared  [if  the  applica- 
tion has  been  already  made,  say  "and  filed"]  preparatory 
to  obtaining  letters-patent  of  the  United  States  therefor. 
And  I  do  hereby  authorize  and  request  the  Commissioner 
of  Patents  to  issue  the  said  letters-patent  to  the  said  Ephraini 
G.  Hall,  as  my  assignee,  for  the  sole  use  and  behoof  of  the 
said  Ephraini  G.  Hall  and  his  legal  representatives. 

Witness  my  hand  this  16th  day  of  February,  1868. 

J.  F.  CROSSETTE. 
[Five-cent  revenue  stamp.] 

Of  the  entire  interest  in  letters-patent. 

In  consideration  of  five  hundred  dollars  to  me  paid  by 
Nathan  Wilcox,  of  Keokuk,  Iowa,  I  do  hereby  sell  and 
assign  to  the  said  Nathan  Wilcox  all  my  right,  title,  and 
interest  in  and  to  the  letters-patent  of  the  United  States,  No. 
41,806,  for  an  improvement  in  locomotive  head-lights, 
granted  to  me  July  30th.  1864,  the  same  to  be  held  and 
enjoyed  by  the  said  Nathan  Wilcox  to  the  full  end  of  the 
term  for  which  said  letters  are  granted,  as  fully  and  entirely 
as  the  same  would  have  been  held  and  enjoyed  by  me  if 
this  assignment  and  sale  had  not  been  made. 

Witness  my  hand  this  10th  day  of  June,  1869. 

HORACE  ]£IMBALL. 
[Five-cent  revenue  stamp.] 

Of  an  undivided  interest  in  the  letters-patent  and  extension 
thereof. 

In  consideration  of  one  thousand  dollars  to  me  paid  by 
Obadiah  N.  Bush,  of  Chicago,  111.,  I  do  hereby  sell  and 


32    INFORMATION  CONCERNING  PATENTS, 


assign  to  the  said  Obadiah  X.  Bush  one  undivided  fourth 
part  of  all  my  right,  title,  and  interest  in  and  to  the  letters- 
patent  of  the  United  States,  No.  10,485,  for  an  improve- 
ment in  cooking  stoves,  granted  to  me  May  10th,  1856  ;  the 
same  to  be  held  and  enjoyed  by  the  said  Obadiah  X.  I3u>h 
to  the  full  end  of  the  term  for  which  said  letters-patent  art- 
granted,  and  for  the  term  of  any  extension  thereof,  as  fully 
and  entirely  as  the  same  would  have  been  held  and  enjoyed 
by  me  if  this  assignment  and  sale  had  not  been  made. 
Witness  my  hand  this  7th  day  of  January,  1869. 

JOHN  C.  MORRIS. 
[Five-cent  revenue  stamp.] 

Exclusive  territorial  grant  ly  an  assignee. 

In  consideration  of  one  thousand  dollars  to  me  paid  by 
William  H.  Dinsmore,  of  Concord,  N.  H.,  I  do  hereby 
grant  and  convey  to  the  said  William  H.  Diusmore  the  ex- 
clusive right  to  make,  use,  and  vend  within  the  State  of 
Wisconsin,  and  the  counties  of  Cook  and  Lake  in  the  State 
of  Illinois,  and  in  no  other  place  or  places,  the  improve- 
ment in  corn-planters  for  which  letters-patent  of  the  United 
States,  dated  August  15th,  1867,  were  granted  to  Leverett  R. 
Hull,  and  by  said  Hull  assigned  to  me  December  3d,  1867, 
by  an  assignment  duly  recorded  in  liber  X8,  p.  416,  of  the 
records  of  the  Patent-Office,  the  same  to  be  held  and  en- 
joyed by  the  said  William  H.  Dinsmore  as  fully  and  entirely 
as  the  same  would  have  been  held  and  enjoyed  by  me  if 
this  grant  had  not  been  made. 

Witness  my  hand  this  19th  day  of  March,  1868. 

ABRAHAM  MOORE. 
[Five-cent  revenue  stamp.] 

License — shop  Tight. 

In  consideration  of  fifty  dollars  to  me  paid  by  the  firm 
of  Simpson,  Jenks  &  Co.,  of  Hun'.sville,  Ala.,  I  do  hereby 
license  and  empower  the  said  Simpson,  Jenks  &  Co.  to 
manufacture,  at  a  single  foundry  and  machine  shop  in  said 
Huntsville,  and  in  no  other  place  or  places,  the  improve- 
ment in  cotton-seed  planters  for  which  letters-patent  of  the 
United  States,  No.  71,846,  were  granted  to  me  November 


INFORMATION    CONCERNING   PATENTS.          33 


13th,  1868,  and  to  sell  the  machines  so  manufactured  through- 
out the  United  States,  to  the  full  end  of  the  term  for  which 
said  letters-patent  are  granted. 

Witness  my  hand  this  22d  day  of  April,  1869. 

JOEL  NORCROSS. 
[Five-cent  revenue  stamp.] 

Table  of  Official  Fees. 

On  filing  every  application  for  a  design,  for  three 

years  and  six  months $10  00 

On  filing  every  application  for  a  design,  for  seven 

years 15  00 

On  filing  every  application  for  a  design,  for  fourteen 

years 30  00 

On  filing  every  caveat 10  00 

On  filing  every  application  for  a  patent 15  00 

On  issuing  each  original  patent 20  00 

On  filing  a  disclaimer 10  00 

On  filing  every  application  for  a  reissue 30  00 

On  filing  every  application  for  a  division  of  a  reissue.  30  00 

On  filing  every  application  for  an  extension 50  00 

On  the  grant  of  every  extension 50  00 

On  filing  the  first  appeal  from  a  primary  examiner  to 

examiners-in-chief. 10  00 

On  filing  an  appeal  to  the  commissioner  from  exami- 
ners-in-chief    20  00 

On  depositing  a  trade-mark  for  registration 25  00 

For  every  copy  of  a  patent  or  other  instrument,  for 

every  100  words 10 

For  every  certified  copy  of  drawing,  the  cost  of  hav- 
ing it  madp 

For  copies  of  papers  not  certified,  the  cost  of  having 

them  made 

For   recording  every  assignment  of  300  words  or 

under 1  00 

For  recording  every  assignment,  if  over  300  and  not 

over  1000  words '. 2  00 

For  recording  every  assignment,  if  over  1000  words.     3  00 


34  COPY-RIGHTS. 


COPY-RIGHTS. 

ANY  citizen  or  resident  of  the  United  States  may  obtain 
a  copy-right  who  is  the  author,  inventor,  designer,  or  pro- 
prietor of  any  book,  map,  chart,  dramatic  or  musical  com 
position,  engraving,  cut,  print,  or  photograph  or  negative 
thereof,  or  of  a  painting,  drawing,  chromo,  statue,  statuary, 
and  of  models  and  designs,  intended  to  be  perfected  as 
works  of  the  fine  arts. 

A  copy-right  can  not  be  obtained  unless  the  title  or  de- 
scription is  recorded  in  the  library  of  Congress,  before  the 
publication  of  t/ie  work. 

Those  who  desire  to  obtain  copy-rights  are  requested  to 
communicate  with  Munn  &  Co.,  No.  37  Park  Row,  New- 
York,  and  send  us  the  title  of  the  book,  print,  photograph, 
or  article.  We  will  then  cause  the  title  to  be  printed, 
and  recorded  at  Washington,  as  by  law  required.  The 
Official  Certificate  of  copy-right  will  then  be  immediately 
sent  to  our  client.  Our  charge  to  attend  to  the  business  of 
obtaining  a  copy-right  is  $6,  which  please  remit  wiih  the 
title. 

If  a  copy-right  is  desired  for  a  painting,  drawing,  chromo, 
statue,  statuary,  or  model  or  design  for  a  work  of  art,  send 
us  a  brief  description  thereof  and  $6. 

Copy-rights  are  granted  for  the  term  of  twenty-eight  year?, 
and  may  be  renewed  for  fourteen  additional  years,  if  the 
renewal  is  filed  within  six  months  before  the  expiration  of 
the  first  term. 

Copy -rights  may  be  assigned ;  the  assignment  must  be 
recorded  by  the  Librarian  of  Congress. 

Infringers  of  copy-rights  are  subject  to  heavy  fines  and 
penalties. 

.  Foreigners  who  are  not  residents  of  the  United  States 
can  not  obtain  copy-rights  ;  but  if  residents,  they  may  ob- 
tain copyrights. 

Address  Munn  &  Co.  for  further  information. 


COMMON  hydraulic  cement  mixed  with  oil  forms  a  good 
paint  for  roofs  and  out-buildings.  It  is  water-proof  and  in- 
combustible. 


MODELS TRACING    PAPER. 


Is] 


MODELS. 

IT  is  always  better  for  in- 
ventors to  have  their  models 
constructed  under  their  own 
supervision,  even  at  an  in- 
creased cost  in  money  or  time. 
During  the  making  of  the  mod- 
el, the  inventor  often  perceives 
points  where  important  changes 
can  be  made,  or  where  the  in- 
vention may  be  rendered  more 
perfect  than  was  at  first  con- 
:  templated.  But  in  some  instances,  owing  to  residence  in 
I  distant  parts  or  other  causes,  it  is  impossible  for  the  invent- 
I  or  to  furnish  a  model.  In  such  cases,  we  (MuNN  &  Co.)  can 
i  have  proper  models  built  by  experienced  and  trusty  makers,  ; 
j  at  moderate  charges.  

TRACING    PAPEK. 

;      OPEN  a  quire  of  double  crown  tissue-paper,  and  brush  the  j 
;  first  sheet  with  a  mixture  of  mastic  varnish  and  oil  of  tur-  J 
pentine,  equal  parts  ;  proceed  with  each  sheet  similarly,  and  , 
dry  them  on  lines  by  hanging  them  up  singly.     As  the  pro- 
i  cess  goes  on,  the  under  sheets  absorb  a  portion  of  the  var- 
j  nish,  and  require  less  than  if  singlo   sheets  were  brushed 
i  separately.     The  inventor  of  this  varnish  for  tracing-paper 
received  a  medal  and  premium  from  the  Royal  Society.     It 
leaves  the  paper  quite  light  and  transparent,  it  may  readily  j 
be  written  on,  and  drawings  traced  with  a  pen  are  perma-  ! 
nently  visible.     Used  by  learners  to  draw  out  lines.     The 
paper  is  placed  on  the  drawing,  which  is  clearly  seen,  and  i 
an  outline  is  made,  taking  care  to  hold  the  tracing-paper 
steady.     In  this  way,  elaborate  drawings  are  easily  copied. 


ALCOHOL  has  more  than  double  the  expansive  force  of 
:  water  of  the  same  temperature.  The  steam  of  alcohol  at 
I  174°  is  equal  to  that  of  water  at  212°.  When  proper 
means  can  be  invented  for  saving  the  fluid  from  being  lost,  ( 
it  is  supposed  that  alcohol  can  be  employed  with  advantage  j 
j  as  the  moving  power  for  engines. 


3(5  VOICE    OF   THE   PEOPLE. 


VOICE    OP    THE    PEOPLE. 

WE  might  fill  several  volumes  with  flat- 
tering testimonials  from  all  parts  of  the 
world,  certifying  to  the  great  value  of  THE 
SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN,  but  the  limits  of  this 
little  book  only  permit  us  to  make  a  few 
selections.  Read  the  following : 

MESSR?.  EDITORS  :  Since  I  had  the  plea- 
sure of  receiving  the  back  numbers  of  your 
interesting  and  instructive  journal,  I  have 
shown  specimens  to  several  influential  man- 
ufacturers and  intelligent  mechanics  in  this 
vicinity.  One  man  told  me  that  he  had 
twice  obtained  five  dollars  for  a  single  re- 
cipe that  he  copied  out  of  THE  SCIENTIFIC 
AMERICAN,  which  he  has  taken  regularly  for 
several  years ;  and  I  presume  this  is  not  an  isolated  case, 
by  many  hundreds.  It  is  just  such  journals  as  yours  that 
are  annually  condensed  into  encyclopedias,  the  compilers  of 
which  roughly  scoop  off  the  cream  of  all  the  new  discover- 
ies in  science  and  art  that  have  been  recorded  in  the  col- 
umns of  various  periodicals  during  the  year ;  but  the  facts 
set  forth  in  such  annual  works  are  often  so  mutilated  or  dis- 
torted in  the  condensation,  and  so  meagre  in  outline,  as  to 
be  practically  of  no  value.  Every  mechanic  and  farmer  in 
the  land  should  subscribe  for  THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN, 
not  only  for  his  own  benefit,  but  also  that  of  his  children  ; 
he  may  have  a  Franklin  or  a  Fulton,  a  West  or  a  Watt,  in 
that  little  marble-player  whom  he  pets  in  his  leisure  hours ; 
and  the  natural  bias  of  the  child's  mind  toward  mechanical 
or  agricultural  pursuits  requires  to  be  confirmed  or  further 
developed  by  intellectual  nourishment  of  such  a  quality  and 
quantity  as  can  be  derived  only  from  a  journal  like  your 
own. 


Never  make  money  at  the  expense  of  your  reputation. 
Say  but  little — think  much  and  do  more. 
Avoid  borrowincr  and  lending:. 


oay  uuii  luue — mum  IHUUU  uu 
Avoid  borrowing  and  lending. 


THE    CONDENSING    ENGINE. 


THE     STEAM-ENGINE. 

EVERY  mechanic  and  inventor  should  make  himself  gen- 
erally familiar  with  the  construction  and  operation  of  the 
steam-engine.  To  assist  them  in  gaining  this  knowledge, 
we  subjoin  for  reference  a  diagram  of  the  common  Con- 
densing Engine,  with  letters  of  reference  to  the  names  of 
the  various  parts : 


«,  steam  cylinder  ;  6,  piston ;  c,  upper  steam  port  or  pas- 
sage ;  d,  lower  steam  port ;  e  e,  parallel  motion  ;  //,  beam ; 
ff,  connecting  rod ;  A,  crank ;  i  t,  fly-wheel ;  k  &,  eccentric 
and  its  rod  for  working  the  steam-valve ;  Z,  steam- valve  and 
casing  ;  m,  throttle-valve ;  n,  condenser  ;  o,  injection-cock  ; 
p,  air-pump  ;  q,  hot  well ;  r,  shifting-valve  to  create  vacuum 
in  condenser  previous  to  starting  the  engine ;  s,  feed-pump 
to  supply  boilers  ;  t,  cold-water  pump  to  supply  condenser  ; 
w,  governor.  A  study  of  the  above  diagram  and  descrip- 
tion, in  connection  with  attentive  observation  of  engines  in 
motion,  will  be  of  much  assistance  in  acquiring  a  general 
understanding  of  the  machine.  We  recommend  the  follow- 


38  HINTS   TO    LETTER- WKITEES. 


ing  standard  works  for  careful  study  by  all  who  desire  to 
become  thoroughly  posted  :  Bourne's  Catechism  of  the 
Steam-Engine,  Main  &  Brown's  Marine  Steam-Engine. 

[Prom  The  Scientific  American.] 
A    HINT    TO    LETTER- WRITING    BORES. 

E  consider,  as  a  general  thing,  that  our 
_  correspondents  are  a  fair  and  high-minded 
1  w  |  set  of  men,  such  as  we  are  most  happy  to 
^  accommodate  by  answering,  so  far  as  it  is 
,  j  in  our  power,  all  their  inquiries ;  but  there 
are  a  few  of  whom  we  can  very  justly  com- 
plain. They  put  to  us  all  sorts  of  ques- 
tions, to  answer  which  might  require  a 
half-day  of  our  valuable  time ;  and  if  we 
snub  them  off  with  a  short  answer,  they  are 
likely  to  reply  back  in  complaining  terms. 
_  It  cannot  be  reasonably  expected  of  us, 
—  that  we  shall  spend  our  time  in  such — to 
us — profitless  letter-writing.  We  mean  to  be  accommo- 
dating, but  cannot  consent  to  waste  all  our  time  in  getting 
information  for  correspondents  who  seem  not  to  know  how 
to  appreciate  either  our  forbearance  or  the  value  of  our 
time.  As  an  example  of  what  we  mean,  we  have  a  case  ! 
before  us.  A  correspondent  wants  us  to  hunt  through  our 
files  for  a  notice  of  some  book  which  appeared  in  THE 
SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN  some  years  ago,  and  to  help  him  to 
find  the  book.  He  also  wants  us  to  find  for  him  an  English 
book  which  we  do  not  believe  can  be  had  in  this  market. 
Another  correspondent  wants  us  to  send  to  England  without 
delay  to  get  something  which  would  require  tune  and  money 
to  procure  for  him,  but  in  regard  to  which  he  don't  even 
inclose  a  three-cent  stamp  to  pre-pay  our  letter.  Another 
incloses  three  cents,  and  wants  a  calculation  made  which  ; 
would  cost  us  two  hours'  hard  study.  It  is  well  enough  for 
such  correspondents  to  know  that  our  time  is  worth  to  us 
more  than  a  cent  and  a  half  per  hour.  Treat  us  fairly,  and 
you  will  have  no  cause  of  complaint 


VOICE    OF   THE    PKESS.  39 


VOICE    OF    THE    PEESS. 

IN  examining  the  pages  of 
our  journal,  we  find  them 
so  covered  with  brilliant 
gems  of  commendation 
that  it  is  difficult  to  select 
one  which  is  more  spark- 
ling than  another.  We 
therefore  take  the  follow- 
ing at  random : 

"  The  distinction  achiev- 
ed by  the  world-renowned 
firm  of  Munn  &  Co.,  as  Solicitors  of  Patents,  is  alike  deserved 
and  commanding — deserved,  because  they  have  spared  no 
effort  nor  expense  since  they  entered  upon  their  responsible 
vocation— commanding,  because  it  is  a  distinction  supported 
and  upheld  by  all  the  scientific  appliances  within  the  reach 
of  modern  enterprise,  and  carries  along  with  it  a  prestige 
which  we  in  vain  look  for  in  the  history  of  any  similar  firm. 
To  the  scores  of  inventors  who  are  to  be  met  with  in  this 
State — and  especially  to  those  among  them  whose  diffidence 
may  have  hitherto  restrained  them  from  giving  their  dis- 
coveries to  the  world — we  would  say,  by  all  means  consult 
the  firm  of  Messrs.  Munn  &  Co.,  37  Park  Row,  New-York, 
confident,  as  we  feel,  that  by  so  doing  (should  your  inven- 
tions possess  merit)  you  will  not  only  put  yourself  in  the 
way  of  securing  a  patent  for  the  same,  but  at  the  same  time 
reap  the  satisfaction  of  knowing  that  you  have  committed 
j  your  claims  to  hands  emphatically  qualified  successfully  to 
carry  them  out.  We  have  deemed  it  a  duty,  in  this  mode, 
to  '  say  our  say'  in  regard  to  an  Agency  which,  while,  we 
trust,  it  has  been  able  to  make  its  highly  important  busi- 
ness pay,  has,  at  the  same  time,  nobly  upheld  the  true  prin- 
ciples of  scientific  investigation,  scorning  to  make  the  latter 
in  the  least  degree  subservient  to  merely  pecuniary  consid- 
erations."— Rahway  (N.  J.)  Times  and  Register. 

A  CUBIC  foot  of  air  weighs  523  grains — a  little  more  than 
an  ounce.     A  cubic  foot  of  water  weighs  1000  ounces. 


IMPOKTANCE    OF    FOREIGN   PATENTS. 


FOREIGN    PATENTS. 

AMERICAN  INVENTORS 
should  bear  in  mind  that,  as 
a  general  rule,  any  invention 
which  is  valuable  to  the  pat- 
entee in  this  country,  is  \vorth 
equally  as  much  in  England 
and  some  other  foreign  coun- 
tries. Four  patents — Amer- 
ican, English,  French,  and 
Belgian — will  secure  an  in- 
ventor exclusive  monopoly 
to  his  discovery  among  one 
hundred  millions  of  the  most 
intelligent  people  in  the 
world.  The  facilities  of  busi- 
ness and  steam  communication  are  such,  that  patents  can 
be  obtained  abroad  by  our  citizens  almost  as  easily  as  at 
home. 

Models  are  not  required  in  any  European  country,  but 
the  utmost  care  and  experience  is  necessary  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  specifications  and  drawings.  A  variety  of  small 
tax  duties  and  other  fees  must  be  paid  ;  many  official  for- 
malities are  also  to  be  observed  in  obtaining  foreign  patents. 
It  is  therefore  important  that  the  applicant  should  place  his 
business  in  the  hands  of  established  and  reliable  agents. 

For  the  past  twenty  years,  the  majority  of  all  patents 
taken  out  by  Americans  in  foreign  countries  have  been  ob- 
tained through  MUNN  &  Co.'s  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN  PATENT 
AGENCY,  and  nearly  all  of  this  foreign  patent  business  is 
still  done  by  us.  Our  experience  and  success  in  this  branch 
is  very  great. 

The  following  summary  will  give  a  general  idea  of  the 
granting  and  duration  of  European  Patents  : 

Great  Britain. — Patents  are  granted  for  fourteen  years 
to  any  person  who  is  the  inventor  or  the  first  importer.  If 
a  patent  has  been  previously  obtained  in  any  other  country, 
the  British  patent  expires  with  it.  The  British  patent  ex- 
tends over  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  but  does  not  include 


COSTS    OF     FOREIGN    PATENTS.  41 


the  Colonies.  Separate  patents  are  issued  by  the  Colo- 
nies. 

France. — Patents  are  granted  for  15  years,  unless  the 
invention  has  been  previously  patented  in  some  other 
country ;  in  such  case  it  dates  and  expires  with  the  pre- 
vious patent.  The  invention  must  be  put  into  practice  in 
France  within  2  years  from  the  date  of  the  patent. 

Belgium. — Patents  are  granted  for  20  years,  or,  if  pre- 
viously patented  in  another  country,  they  expire  with  the 
date  thereof.  The  working  of  the  invention  must  take 
place  within  one  year  from  the  date  of  patent,  but  an  ex- 
tension for  an  additional  year  may  be  obtained  on  applica- 
tion to  the  proper  authorities. 

Spain  and  Cuba. — The  duration  of  a  Spanish  patent  of 
importation  is  5  years,  and  it  can  be  prolonged  to  10  years  ; 
the  invention  is  to  be  worked  within  one  year. 

Tfie  patent  may  also  include  Cuba  upon  payment  of  an 
additional  fee.  The  Governor-General  of  Cuba  is  also  al- 
lowed to  grant  separate  patents  for  that  Island. 

Austria. — Patents  are  granted  for  16  years,  and  the 
fees  are  payable  by  instalments. 

Russia. — Patents  are  granted  for  various  terms,  with  fees 
proportionate  to  the  term  selected  by  the  applicant. 

Prussia. — The  patent  laws  are  less  encouraging  for  in- 
ventors than  those  of  any  other  European  nation.  The 
invention  must  be  worked  within  6  months,  and  the  appli- 
cation may  be  rejected  if  the  Royal  Commission  think 
proper. 

FULL    INSTRUCTIONS 

For  taking  out  Foreign  Patents  in  all  the  principal  coun- 
tries of  the  world,  with  the  costs,  are  contained  in  a 
SPECIAL  PAMPHLET,  which  we  publish  and  send  FREE  OF 
CHARGE.  Address  MUNN  &  Co.,  37  Park  Row,  New-York. 

CAUTION. — Pay  no  attention  to  the  solicitations  of  foreign 
agents  of  unknown  responsibility,  who  send  circulars  to  parties 
whose  names  they  copy  from  the  patent  lists  of  THE  SCIENTIFIC 
AMEKICAN. 

CLEAR,  dry,  cold  air  contains  more  oxygen,  is  more  bracing 
to  the  human  system,  and  is  heavier  than  moist  air.  People  are 
accustomed  to  say  that  the  air  on  damp  days  feels  heavy ;  but 
the  truth  is  the  air  is  lighter,  and  therefore  the  blood  is  less  , 
oxydized,  and  the  feelings  consequently  depressed. 


42  HOW   TO    SELL    PATENTS. 


HOW    TO    SELL    PATENTS. 

IN  the  prefatory  portion  of  this  lit- 
tle work,  we  have  presented  hints 
upon  the  general  success  of  invent- 
ors, and  the  great  value  of  even  the 
simplest  inventions.  But  it  must  not 
be  supposed,  because  a  patent  is 
granted,  that  the  world  will  run  after 
an  unknown  man  to  buy  from  him  an 
unknown  patent.  In  order  to  sell  a 
patent,  judicious  effort  is  required  on 
the  part  of  the  inventor  or  his  agent. 
Indeed,  his  final  success  will  depend, 
to  a  considerable  extent,  upon  his 
business  tact  and  energy.  He  should 
make  himself  thoroughly  conversant 
with  the  merits  of  his  invention,  and 
sliould  prepare  specimens  or  model  machines  thereof,  made 
in  the  most  perfect  manner,  so  as  readily  to  exhibit  the  op- 
erations of  the  improvement  to  others. 

After  obtaining  a  patent,  the  first  grand  requisite  in  ef- 
fecting its  sale  is  to  make  the  merits  and  importance  of  the 
improvement  publicly  known.  This  may  be  done  in  various 
ways :  by  advertisements  in  newspapers,  by  cards,  circulars, 
pamphlets,  etc.,  by  local  and  travelling  agents.  Some  per- 
sons appoint  agents  in  each  town  or  county,  giving  them  a 
liberal  portion  of  the  net  proceeds  for  the  sale  of  rights,  or 
a  handsome  per  cent  upon  the  receipts  for  machines  sold. 
In  estimating  the  value  of  patent  rights  for  different  States, 
counties,  etc.,  one  very  common  method  is  to  fix  the  price 
with  reference  to  the  amount  of  population. 

One  of  the  most  comprehensive  and  powerful  methods 
of  bringing  the  merits  of  an  invention  before  the  public,  is 
to  have  it  noticed  and  engraved  in  THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMERI- 
CAN. This  paper,  published  weekly,  has  a  large  circulation. 
It  is  seen  by  probably  not  less  than  one  or  two  hundred 
thousand  readers,  who  comprise  all  of  the  most  intelligent 
persons  of  scientific  and  mechanical  acquirements  in  the 
country.  The  fact  of  publication  in  THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMER- 


HOW    TO     SELL    PATENTS.  43 


ICAN  is  a  passport  to  their  attention  and  favor.  It  is  upon 
the  judgment  and  advice  of  scientific  and  mechanical  per- 
sons that  the  purchasers  of  patent  rights  and  new  inven- 
tions are  apt  to  rely.  "  Yes,  that  is  a  good  invention.  It 
has  been  well  illustrated  in  THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN,  and 
I  fully  understand  its  construction.  I  advise  you  to  pur- 
chase the  right."  We  suppose  that  more  patents  are  sold 
upon  such  advice  than  by  all  other  agencies  and  means  put 
together. 

To  assist  the  sale,  it  is  always  advisable  to  have  the  pat- 
ent taken  out  through  the  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN  AGENCY. 
The  study  necessary  to  the  preparation  of  the  specification 
and  drawings  familiarizes  our  minds  with  the  merits  of  the 
invention,  and  as  all  worthy  inventions  patented  by  us  are 
noticed  in  THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN,  we  are  enabled  to 
speak  of  them  with  some  degree  of  authority. 

We  keep  artists  constantly  employed  in  preparing  en- 
gravings for  THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN.  All  our  engravings 
are  original.  We  never  print  old  cuts.  Parties  who  desire 
to  have  engravings  inserted  in  THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN 
will  please  address  MUNN  &  Co.,  37  Park  Row,  New- York. 
After  publication,  the  engravings  will  be  returned  to  the 
owner,  who  can  then  use  them  for  other  papers,  circulars* 


etc. 


AGENTS    TO    SELL. 


WE  are  often  asked  to  give  the  names  of  parties  who 
make  it  a  business  to  sell  patents.  We  are  rarely  enabled 
to  do  so.  Such  concerns  are  generally  quite  fugitive  in 
their  character.  An  office  is  opened,  signs  displayed,  a  few 
customers  engaged,  and  then  suddenly  the  shop  is  closed. 
The  truth  is,  that  the  profit  upon  the  sales  of  a  single  good 
patent  is  equivalent  to  a  fortune,  and  the  business  it  fur- 
nishes is  enough  to  fully  engage  the  attention  of  many  per- 
sons. Our  advice  to  patentees  is  :  Take  hold  of  the  busi- 
ness of  selling  yourselves.  If  you  want  assistance,  search 
for  agents  among  your  friends,  and  interest  them  specially 
in  your  invention. 


44 


INCOME    FROM   PATENTS. 


ROYALTY. 


ONE  very  profitable  source  of  income  from  patents  is  roy- 
alty. This,  in  effect,  involves  a  sort  of  contract  between  a 
patentee  and  a  manufacturer,  by  which  the  latter,  in  consid- 
;  eration  of  license  to  make  the  thing,  agrees  to  pay  to  the 
;  patentee  a  specified  sum  upon  each  article  when  sold.  The 
li  patentee  of  the  chimney-spring,  now  so  commonly  used  to 


Eten  chimneys  upon  lamps,  was  accustomed  to  grant  li- 
ises  to  manufacturers  on  receiving  a  royalty  of  a  few 


royalty  of  from  five  to  ten  dollars  on  each  machine,  and  his 
annual  income  has  been  estimated  at  five  hundred  thousand 
dollars.  We  might  give  many  examples  of  success.  The 

'license  and  royalty  plan  is  oftentimes  the  most  profitable 

'  method  of  employing  patents. 

A  CIRCLE  is  the  most  capacious 
of  all  plain  figures,  or  contains  the 
greatest  area  within  the  same  out- 
line or  perimeter. 

To  find  the  circumference  of  a • 
circle,  multiply  the  diameter  by 
3.1416,  and  the  product  will  be  the 
circumference. 

To  find  the  diameter  of  a  circle, 
divide  the  circumference  by  3.1416, 
and  the  quotient  will  be  the  diam- 
eter. 

Any  circle  whose  diameter  is  double  that  of  another,  con- 
tains four  times  the  area  of  the  other. 


Some  employers  think  themselves  entitled  to  the  owner- 
ship of  all  inventions  made  by  their  workmen.  But  this  is 
•  not  so.  Employers  have  no  claim  to  the  inventions  of  their 
i  workmen  unless  it  can  be  shown  that  the  latter  was  special- 
ly ly  employed  to  bring  out  such  inventions. 


VALUE    OP   PATENTS. 


45 


[Prom  The  Scientific  American.] 
PATENTS    ON    SMALL    THINGS. 

AN  English  firm  has  lately  pat- 
ented a  peculiar  shape  for  candle- 
ends.  By  making  them  conical,  or 
tapering,  they  will  fit  any  candle- 
stick Avithout  being  papered  or  tin- 
kered up  in  other  ways.  Now,  a 
very  small  royalty  on  each  pound 
of  candles  will  give  a  large  annual 
revenue  to  the  inventors,  and  the 
pecuniary  value  of  their  idea  is 
seen  at  once.  Similar  instances 
might  be  given  from  cases  at  home, 
where  inventors  have  originated 
i  some  simple  article  in  daily  use  and  secured  it,  they  have 
received  large  rewards.  "  Despise  not  the  day  of  small 
things,"  says  the  proverb,  and  we  may  say,  in  addition,  de- 
ride no  idea  as  useless  that  tends  to  advance  the  arts  and 
1  sciences,  merely  because  it  seems  simple. 

A  very  great  misconception  prevails  in  the  minds  of 
many  persons  in  respect  to  patents.  They  are  regarded 
chiefly  as  stepping-stones  to  fame  or  passports  to  future  no- 
toriety. This  is  a  huge  delusion.  An  invention  is  first 
and  principally  an  investment,  just  as  an  artist's  picture,  al- 
though an  inspiration,  is  a  commercial  venture.  The  glory 
and  renown  attaching  to  either  picture  or  invention  is  the 
afterpart,  the  dessert  to  the  solid  feast  on  dollars  and  cents. 
The  natural  result  of  the  mistake  alluded  to  is  to  lead  per- 
sons to  underrate  the  value  of  their  ideas.  It  is  not  at  all 
uncommon  to  hear  individuals  exclaim,  "  What !  get  a  pat- 
ent  on  that  thing  !"  in  alluding  to  some  little  aifair  that  can 
be  carried  in  the  pocket.  That  very  despised  "  thing"  will 
doubtless  be  the  foundation  of  a  good  fortune,  as  many  a  j 
similar  article  has  been  before  it. 

The  improvement  in  some  art  or  manufacture  suggests  ' 
itself  to  an  individual,  and  he  straightway  applies  it  to  his  | 
own  use  with  very  great  advantage.  Now,  what  shall  he  j 
do  ?  Patent  it  and  secure  the  fruit  of  his  genius  to  him-  i 


46  CONDUCTING   POWER    OF    METALS. 


self,  or  give  it  to  the  world  without  price  ?  The  business 
man  would  say  the  former  ;  because  if  notoriety  be  the  ob- 
ject, great  patents  confer  not  only  means,  but  distinction, 
and  where  the  first  is  attained,  the 'second  follows. 


[From  The  Scientific  American.] 
A    SPARKLING    VANE. 


A  VERY  curious  and  elegant  vane  for  buildings  may  be 
made  by  placing  in  the  centre  a  spiral  or  twisted  spindle,  as 
shown  in  the  above  tut  This  spindle  should  be  hung  on 
delicate  pivots,  and  the  spaces  between  the  spiral  flanches 
nearly  covered  with  small  pieces  of  looking-glass  or  thin 
pieces  of  mica.  The  least  breeze  will  put  it  in  motion,  and 
as  the  reflectors  will  assume  every  possible  position,  several 
of  them  will  be  sure  to  present  the  reflection  of  the  sun  at 
every  revolution,  from  whatever  point  it  may  be  viewed, 
thus  producing  a  constant  and  very  brilliant  sparkling. 

ELECTRICAL    CONDUCTING    POWER    OF 
METALS. 

THE  effect  of  the  electrical  discharge  on  metallic  bodies 
is  to  raise  their  temperature  to  a  less  or  greater  degree,  ac- 
cording to  their  conducting  power.  The  best  conductors 
are  silver  and  copper ;  the  poorest,  lead ;  as  will  be  seen 
from  the  subjoined  table : 

Heat  evolved.  Conducting  Power. 

Silver, 6 120 

Copper, 6 120 

Gold, 9  SO 

Zinc IS 40 

Platinum, 30 24 

Iron, 80 24 

Tin, 36  20 

Lead, 7-2 12 


THE   PRELIMINARY    EXAMINATION.  47 


[Prom  The  Scientific  American.] 
IMPORTANT  TO  INVENTORS. 
THE  United  States  Patent  Office  at  Washington  contains 
nearly  50,000  models  pertaining  to  patented  inventions,  all 
of  which  are  open  to  public  inspection  and  examination, 
together  with  the  drawings  and  specifications  relating  there- 
to. But  the  distance  of  the  Capital  and  the  time  and  ex- 
pense involved  in  a  journey  thither  deter,  in  fact,  the 
majority  of  inventors  from  reaping  the  advantages  which  a 
personal  examination  of  previously  patented  inventions 
might  oftentimes  give  them.  To  obviate  this  difficulty  we 
(Munn  &  Co.)  are  in  the  habit  of  making  these  examinations 
at  the  Patent  Office  for  inventors.  When  it  is  desired  to 
ascertain  definitely  whether  an  invention,  believed  to  be 
new,  has  been  previously  made,  or  to  what  extent,  if  any, 
it  has  been  anticipated,  the  applicant  sends  to  us  a  rough 
sketch  and  description  of  the  device.  We  then  make  a 
thorough  examination  in  the  Patent  Office  at  Washington, 
and  report  the  result  to  the  applicant.  The  charge  for  this 
service  is  only  $5,  and  it  is  frequently  the  means  of  saving 
the  applicant  the  entire  expense  of  preparing  a  model,  pay- 
ing Government  fees,  etc.,  by  revealing  the  fact  that  the 
whole  or  material  portion  of  his  improvement  was  previous- 
ly known.  This  preliminary  examination  is  sometimes  also 
of  importance  in  assisting  to  properly  prepare  the  papers, 
so  as  to  avoid  conflicting  with  other  inventions  in  the  same 
class.  The  reader  should  carefully  note  the  distinction 
made  between  this  preliminary  examination  at  the  Patent 
Office  and  the  examination  and  opinion  given  at  our  office, 
either  orally  or  by  letter,  for  which  no  fee  is  expected.  It 
is  only  when  a  special  search  is  made  at  the  Patent  Office 
that  the  fee  of  $5  is  required.  We  are  able,  in  a  vast  num- 
ber of  cases  submitted  to  us,  to  decide  the  question  of  pa- 
tentability without  this  special  search.  See  page  6  of  this 
little  work. 


WHEX  the  air  is  exhausted  from  a  pump-tube,  (usually 
done  by  means  of  a  piston,)  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere 
will  cause  the  water  to  rise  in  the  tube  to  a  height  of  thirty 
feet. 


48        VALUE    OF   THE    SCIENTIFIC   AMERICAN. 


"  THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN. — We  are  sure 
that  if  a  few  words  of  seasonable  commend- 
ation should  induce  any  of  that  large  class 
of  intelligent  readers  who  can  appreciate  true 
merit,  to  subscribe  for  this  excellent  publi- 
cation, we  shall  be  abundantly  rewarded  in 
,_  the  conviction  of  having  earned  their  grati- 
|^3  tude.  It  is  only  recently  that  we  have  looked 
*  into  its  columns  with  any  degree  of  regular- 
ity, and  we  take  an  early  opportunity  to  ex- 
press the  extreme  satisfaction  and  interest 
which  we  have  experienced  in  doing  so.  To  condense  our 
idea  of  its  most  valuable  characteristic  into  one  sentence,  we 
consider  THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN  as  embodying  the  high- 
est function  of  all  science,  namely,  its  application  to  the 
practical,  every-day  concerns  of  life,  in  clear,  pure,  agree- 
able language.  It  will  prove  a  pleasant  guest  and  a  use- 
ful companion  at  any  fireside  it  may  enter." —  Watchman, 
Greenport,  L.  I.  

THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN  ought  to  be  taken,  read,  and 
studied  by  every  intelligent  man,  young  or  old,  worker  or 
idler,  rich  or  poor,  in  the  country.  It  commends  itself  to 
every  one,  and  is  useful  and  interesting  to  all.  The  most 
scientific  may  learn  from  it,  and  the  unscientific  understand 
it.  It  has  a  peculiar  charm  about  it  that  interests  and  af- 
fects every  person  with  a  grain  of  sense  in  his  head.  We 
are  in  the  habit  of  sending  our  copy,  after  a  thorough  pe- 
rusal, to  the  army,  and  the  friend  who  receives  it  writes  us, 
that  he  likes  it  better  than  any  other  paper;  that  it  is  long- 
ingly waited  for,  and  eagerly  read  by  his  comrades,  and 
never  ceases  its  circulation  until  so  bethumbed  that  its  col- 
umns are  no  longer  readable. —  Westchester  County  Journal. 


Remember  that,  by  subscribing  to  THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMERI- 
CAN, you  receive,  in  the  course  of  the  year,  an  amount  of 
reading  matter  nearly  equal  to  four  thousand  ordinary  book 


THE  light  of  lightning  and  its  reflections,  will  penetrate 
from  150  to  200  miles. 


HOW   TO    COMPUTE   HORSE-POWER.  49 


HOUSE-POWER. 

WHEN  Watt  began  to  introduce  his  steam-engines  he 
wished  to  be  able  to  state  their  power  as  compared  with 
that  of  horses,  which  were  then  generally  employed  for 
driving  mills.  He  accordingly  made  a  series  of  experiments, 
which  led  him  to  the  conclusion  that  the  average  power  of 
a  horse  was  sufficient  to  raise  about  33,000  Ibs.  one  foot  in 
vertical  height  per  minute,  and  this  has  been  adopted  in 
England  and  this  country  as  the  general  measure  of  power. 

A  waterfall  has  one  horse-power  for  every  33,000  Ibs.  of 
water  flowing  in  the  stream  per  minute,  for  each  foot  of 
fall.  To  compute  the  power  of  a  stream,  therefore,  multi- 
ply the  area  of  its  cross  section  in  feet  by  the  velocity  in 
feet  per  minute,  and  we  have  the  number  of  cubic  feet  flow- 
ing along  the  stream  per  minute.  Multiply  this  by  62£, 
the  number  of  pounds  in  a  cubic  foot  of  water,  and  this  by 
the  vertical  fall  in  feet,  and  we  have  the  foot-pounds  per 
minute  of  the  fall ;  dividing  by  33,000  gives  us  the  horse- 
power. 

For  example :  A  stream  flows  through  a  flume  10  feet 
wide,  and  the  depth  of  the  water  is  4  feet ;  the  area  of  the 
cross  section  will  be  40  feet.  The  velocity  is  150  feet  per 
minute — 40  XI 50 =6000= the  cubic  feet  of  water  flowing 
per  minute.  6000x62£=375,000=the  pounds  of  water 
flowing  per  minute.  The  fall  is  10  feet;  10X375,000= 
3,750,000=the  foot-pounds  of  the  water-fall.  Divide  3,750,- 
000  by  33,000,  and  we  have  11 3f£  as  the  horse-power  of 
the  fall. 

The  power  of  a  steam-engine  is  calculated  by  multiplying 
together  the  area  of  the  piston  in  inches,  the  mean  pressure 
in  pounds  per  square  inch,  the  length  of  the  stroke  in  feet, 
and  the  number  of  strokes  per  minute;  and  dividing  by 
33,000. 

Water-wheels  yield  from  50  to  91  per  cent  of  the  water. 
The  actual  power  of  a  steam-engine  is  less  than  the  indicat- 
ed power,  owing  to  a  loss  from  friction ;  the  amount  of  this 
loss  varies  with  the  arrangement  of  the  engine  and  the  per- 
fection of  the  workmanship. 


L 


50 


HEAT-CONDUCTING   POWER    OF    BODIES. 


ZUR    BEACHTUNG    FUR    DEUTSCHE    ER- 
FINDER. 

£)ie  Unter$eid)neten  fyaben  eine 
Slnleitnng  berau§gegeben,  h>eld)e 
angiebt  ft>a8  ju  befolgen  ift  um  ein 
patent  311  ftcbern,  unb  felbige  ttnrb 
aiif  ^ortofrete  Slnfrage  gratis  abge* 


S^ad^  betn  rteiten  ^ 

fonnen  ^Biirger  otter  £tinber  = 
tente  in  ben  iBereinigten  <2taaten 
ju  benfelben  S3ebingungen  erlqn* 
gen,  tt)ie  bte  S3iirger  ber 
ten  @taaten  felbft. 


Ho.    37  Park   Hon),    Ueio-^ork 
Scientific  American  Office. 


A  MOVING  load  has  a  much  greater  effect  on  a  beam  than 
a  load  at  rest.  For  example,  if  the  breaking  weight  of  a 
beam  is  4150  pounds,  the  load  being  at  rest,  a  load  of  1778 
pounds,  moved  at  30  miles  per  hour,  will  break  the  same 
beam.  The  deflection  of  girders  increases  with  the  velocity 
of  the  load. 

HEAT-CONDUCTING     POWER     OF    DIFFER- 
ENT   BODIES. 


Gold, 1000 

Platinum, 981 

Silver, 973 


i  Copper,  . 


Tin, 

Lead 

Marble,  .  . . 
Porcelain,. 
Fire  Cla 


Fire  Brick,. 


304 
180 


RELATIVE    CONDUCTING    POWER    OF 
FLUIDS. 

Mercury, 10001  Proof  Spirit, 312 

Water, 357  |  Alcohol,  (pure,) 232 


IMPORTANCE    OF    CHEMICAL    INVENTIONS.       51 


[From  the  Scientiac  American.! 
FIELD    FOR    CHEMICAL    INVENTION. 

LESS  than  five  per  cent  of  all  the  patents  issued  are  for 
chemical  inventions.  The  first  impression  which  this  fact 
leaves  is  that  the  chemists  are  not  so  wide  awake  as  the 
mechanics.  And  it  seems,  too,  as  if  the  chemists  have  the 
best  chance,  for  they  have  the  range  of  all  the  combina- 
tions, almost  infinite  in  number,  of  all  the  sixty  or  more 
simple  substances  or  elements,  while  the  mechanic  is  limited 
in  all  his  inventions  to  the  use  of  only  five  mechanical  ele- 
ments. But  this  course  of  reasoning  is  a  little  unfair  for 
the  chemist,  if  we  wish  to  determine  his  real  merit  as  a 
benefactor  of  mankind.  Thus  far  the  introduction  of  new 
substances  has  been  too  slow  and  too  much  the  result  of 
chance.  Illuminating  gas  was  known  as  a  chemical  product 
for  centuries  before  any  use  of  it  was  made ;  iodine,  chromine, 
chloroform,  aniline,  and  a  hundred  other  things,  now  com- 
mon, were  for  a  very  long  time  only  rare  specimens  on  the 
shelves  of  the  chemist's  curiosity-shop,  before  they  were 
found  to  be  of  the  greatest  value  to  men,  and  we  cannot 
have  a  doubt  that  much  more  of  the  same  kind  of  wealth  is 
soon  to  be  developed.  May  we  not  reasonably  expect  that 
virtues  may  be  discovered  in  things  now  neglected,  which 
will  directly  lead  to  the  invention  of  arts  more  wonderful 
and  more  useful  than  photography  or  electro- telegraph  ing  ? 


A  correspondent,  writing  from  Buffalo,  says,  in  speaking 
of  the  value  of  THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN  to  its  host  of  read- 
ers :  "  I  would  as  soon  think  of  going  without  supper  on 
Thursday  night  as  to  neglect  to  call  at  the  book-store  for 
the  Paper-  of  papers  ;  and  I  am  proud  to  say  that  I  have 
influenced  many  others  to  '  go  and  do  likewise.'  I  have  my 
volumes  complete  and  nicely  bound  from  volume  five  ;  and 
should  poverty  ever  compel  me  to  sell  my  library,  my  Bible 
and  my  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN  should  remain  to  grace  the 
otherwise  empty  shelves." 


52  PATENT     LAWS    OF    1870. 

THE 

PATENT    LAWS 

OF     THE 

UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 

PASSED  JULY  8,  1870. 


AN"  ACT  to  revise,  consolidate,  and  amend  the  statutes  re- 
lating to  patents  and  copy-rights. 

Be  it  enacted  by  (he  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives 
of  .the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled: 
That  there  shall  be  attached  to  the  Department  of  the  In- 
terior the  office,  heretofore  established,  known  as  the  Pa- 
tent-Office, wherein  all  records,  books,  models,  drawings, 
specifications,  and  other  papers  and  things  pertaining  to  pa- 
tents shall  be  safely  kept  and  preserved. 

OFFICERS,    SALARIES,    AND    SURETIES. 

SEC.  2.  And  be  it  furtJier  enacted,  That  the  officers  and 
employees  of  said  office  shall  continue  to  be  :  one  Commis- 
sioner of  Patents,  one  Assistant  Commissioner,  and  three 
examiners-in-chief,  to  be  appointed  by  the  President,  and 
by  and  with  the  advise  and  consent  of  the  Senate ;  one 
chief  clerk,  one  examiner  in  charge  of  interferences,  twenty- 
two  principal  examiners,  twenty-two  first-assistant  exami- 
ners, twenty-two  second-assistant  examiners,  one  librarian, 
one  machinist,  five  clerks  of  class  four,  six  clerks  of  class 
three,  fifty  clerks  of  class  two,  forty-five  clerks  of  class  one, 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870.  53 


and  one  messenger  and  purchasing  clerk,  all  of  whom  shall 
be  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  upon  nomina- 
tion of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents. 

SEC.  3.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  Secretary  of 
the  Interior  may  also  appoint,  upon  like  nomination,  such 
additional  clerks  of  classes  two  and  one,  and  of  lower  grades, 
copyists  of  drawings,  female  copyists,  skilled  laborers,  la- 
borers, and  watchmen,  as  may  be  from  time  to  time  appro- 
priated for  by  Congress 

SEC.  4.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  annual  sala- 
ries of  the  officers  and  employees  of  the  Patent-Office  shall 
be  as  follows : 

Of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  four  thousand  five  hun- 
dred dollars. 

Of  the  Assistant  Commissioner,  three  thousand  dollars. 

Of  the  examiners-iu-chief,  three  thousand  dollars  each. 

Of  the  chief  clerk,  two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars. 

Of  the  examiner  in  charge  of  interferences,  two  thousand 
five  hundred  dollars. 

Of  the  principal  examiners,  two  thousand  five  hundred 
dollars  each. 

Of  the  first  assistant  examiners,  one  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred dollars  each. 

Of  the  second  assistant  examiners,  one  thousand  six  hun- 
dred dollars  each. 

Of  the  librarian,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  dollars. 

Of  the  machinist,  one  thousand  six  hundred  dollars. 

Of  the  clerks  of  class  four,  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
dollars  each. 

Of  the  clerks  of  class  three,  one  thousand  six  hundred 
dollars  each. 

Of  the  clerks  of  class  two,  one  thousand  four  hundred 
dollars  each. 

Of  the  clerks  of  class  one,  one  thousand  two  hundred  dol- 
lars each. 

Of  the  messenger  and  purchasing  clerk,  one  thousand  dol- 
lars. 

Of  laborers  and  watchmen,  seven  hundred  and  twenty 
dollars  each. 

Of  the  additional  clerks,  copyists  of  drawings,  female 


54  PATENT     LAWS    OF    1870. 


copyists,  and  skilled  laborers,  such  rates  as  may  be  fixed  by 
the  acts  making  appropriations  for  them. 

SEC.  5.  And  be  it  farther  enacted.  That  all  officers  and 
employees  of  the  Patent-Office  shall,  before  entering  upon 
their  duties,  make  oath  for  affirmation  truly  and  faithfully 
to  execute  the  trusts  committed  to  them. 

SEC.  6.  And  be  it  fiirtlier  enacted,  That  the  Commissioner 
and  chief  clerk,  before  entering  upon  their  duties,  shall  se- 
verally give  bond,  with  sureties,  to  the  Treasurer  of  the 
United  States,  the  former  in  the  sum  of  ten  thousand  dol- 
lars, and  the  latter  in  the  sum  of  five  thousand  dollars,  con- 
ditioned for  the  faithful  discharge  of  their  duties,  and  that 
they  will  render  to  the  proper  officers  of  the  treasury  a  true 
account  of  all  money  received  by  virtueof  their  office. 

DUTIES   OP   COMMISSIONER,    AND    OTHERS. 

SEC.  7.  And  be  it  furtJier  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  Commissioner,  under  the  direction  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior,  to  superintend  or  perform  all  the  du- 
ties respecting  the  granting  and  issuing  of  patents  which 
herein  are,  or  may  hereafter  be,  by  law  directed  to  be  done  ; 
and  he  shall  have  charge  of  all  books,  records,  papers,  mo- 
dels, machines,  and  other  things  belonging  to  said  office. 

SEC.  8.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  Commissioner 
may  send  and  receive  by  mail,  free  of  postage,  letters,  print- 
ed matter,  and  packages  relating  to  the  business  of  his  of- 
fice, including  Patent-Office  reports. 

SEC.  9.  And  belt  further  enacted,  That  the  Commissioner 
shall  lay  before  Congress,  in  the  month  of  January,  annually, 
a  report  giving  a  detailed  statement  of  all  moneys  received 
for  patents,  for  copies  of  records  or  drawings,  or  from  any 
other  source  whatever ;  a  detailed  statement  of  all  expendi- 
tures for  contingent  and  miscellaneous  expenses  ;  a  list  of 
all  patents  which  were  granted  during  the  preceding  year, 
designating  under  proper  heads  the  subjects  of  such  pa- 
tents; an  alphabetical  list  of  the  patentees  with  their 
places  of  residence ;  a  list  of  all  patents  which  have  been 
extended  during  the  year ;  and  such  other  information  of 
the  condition  of  the  Patent-Office  as  may  be  useful  to  Con- 
gress or  the  public. 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870.  55 


EXAMINERS-IN-CHIEF. 

SEC.  10.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  examiners- 
in-chief  shall  be  persons  of  competent  legal  knowledge  and 
scientific  ability,  whose  duty  it  shall  be,  on  the  written  pe- 
tition of  the  appellant,  to  revise  and  determine  upon  the  va- 
lidity of  the  adverse  decisions  of  examiners  upon  applica- 
tions for  patents,  and  for  reissues  of  patents,  and  in  inter- 
ference cases ;  and  when  required  by  the  Commissioner, 
they  shall  hear  and  report  upon  claims  for  extensions,  and 
perform  such  other  like  duties  as  he  may  assign  them. 

SEC.  11.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  in  case  of  the 
death,  resignation,  absence,  or  sickness  of  the  Commissioner, 
his  duties  shall  devolve  upon  the  Assistant  Commissioner 
until  a  successor  shall  be  appointed,  or  such  absence  or  sick- 
ness shall  cease. 

SEC.  12.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  Commis- 
sioner shall  cause  a  seal  to  be  provided  for  said  office,  with 
such  device  as  the  President  may  approve,  with  which  all 
records  or  papers  issued  from  said  office,  to  be  used  in  evi- 
dence, shall  be  authenticated. 


SEC.  13.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  Commis- 
sioner shall  cause  to  be  classified  and  arranged  in  suitable 
cases,  in  the  rooms  and  galleries  provided  for  that  purpose, 
the  models,  specimens  of  composition,  fabrics,  manufactures, 
works  of  art,  and  designs,  which  have  been  or  shall  be  deposit- 
ed in  said  office ;  and  said  rooms  and  galleries  shall  be  kept 
open  during  suitable  hours  for  public  inspection. 

SEC.  14.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  Commis- 
sioner may  restore  to  the  respective  applicants  such  of  the 
models  belonging  to  rejected  applications  as  he  shall  not 
think  necessary  to  be  preserved,  or  he  may  sell  or  otherwise 
dispose  of  them  after  the  application  has  been  finally  re- 
jected for  one  year,  paying  the  proceeds  into  the  treasury, 
as  other  patent  moneys  are  directed  to  be  paid. 

SEC.  15.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  there  shall  be 
purchased,  for  the  use  of  said  office,  a  library  of  such  scien- 
tific works  and  periodicals,  both  foreign  and  American,  as 


56  PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870. 


may  aid  the  officers  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties,  not  ex- 
ceeding the  amount  annually  appropriated  by  Congress  for 
that  purpose. 

OFFICERS   AND   EMPLOYES   NOT   TO   HOLD   PATENTS. 

SEC.  16.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  officers  and 
employees  of  the  Patent-Office  shall  be  incapable,  during  the 
period'  for  which  they  shall  hold  their  appointments,  to  ac- 
quire or  take,  directly  or  indirectly,  except  by  inheritance 
or  bequest,  any  right  or  interest  in  any  patent  issued  by 
said  office. 

SEC.  IV.  And  be  it  furOier  enacted,  That  for  gross  mis- 
conduct the  Commissioner  may  refuse  to  recognize  any  per- 
son as  a  patent  agent,  either  generally  or  in  any  particular 
case ;  but  the  reasons  for  suctfrefusal  shall  be  duly  record- 
eJ,  and  be  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior. 

SEC.  18.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  Commis- 
sioner may  require  all  papers  filed  in  the  Patent-Office,  if 
not  correctly,  legibly,  and  clearly  written,  to  be  printed  at 
the  cost  of  the  party  filing  them. 

SEC.  19.  And  be  it  furtfier  enacted,  That  the  Commis- 
sioner, subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior, may  from  time  to  time  establish  rules  and,  regula- 
:  tions,  not  inconsistent  with  law,  for  the  conduct  of  pro- 
I  ceedings  in  the  Patent  Office. 


SEC.  20.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  Commis- 
sioner may  print  or  cause  to  be  printed  copies  of  the  speci- 
fications of  all  letters-patent,  and  of  the  drawings  of  the 
same,  and  copies  of  the  claims  of  current  issues,  and  copies 
of  such  laws,  decisions,  rules,  regulations,  and  circulars  as 
may  be  necessary  for  the  information  of  the  public. 

SEC.  21.  Andbditfartlier  enacted,  That  all  patents  shall 
be  issued  in  the  name  of  the  United  States  of  America,  under 
the  seal  of  the  Patent  Office,  and  shall  be  signed  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  and  countersigned  by  the  Commis- 
sioner, and  they  shall  be  recorded,  together  with  the  speci- 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870.  57 


fication,  in  said  office,  in  books  to  be  kept  for  that  pur- 
pose. 

SEC.  22.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  every  patent 
shall  contain  a  short  title  or  description  of  the  invention  or 
discovery,  correctly  indicating  its  nature  and  design,  and  a 
grant  to  the  patentee,  his  heirs  or  assigns,  for  the  term  of 
seventeen  years,  of  the  exclusive  •  right  to  make,  use,  and 
vend  the  said  invention  or  discovery  throughout  the  United 
States  and  the  Territories  thereof,  referring  to  the  specifica- 
tion for  the  particulars  thereof ;  and  a  copy  of  said  specfii- 
cations  and  of  the  drawings  shall  be  annexed  to  the  patent 
and  be  a  part  thereof. 

DATE   OF   PATENTS. 

SEC.  23.  And  le  it  further  enacted,  That  every  patent 
shall  date  as  of  a  day  not  later  than  six  months  from  the 
time  at  which  it  was  passed  and  allowed,  and  notice  thereof 
was  sent  to  the  applicant  or  his  agent ;  and  if  the  final  fee 
shall  not  be  paid  within  that  period,  the  patent  shall  be 
withheld. 

WHAT    MAY    BE  PATENTED. 

SEC.  24.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  any  person  who 
has  invented  or  discovered  any  new  and  useful  art,  ma- 
chine, manufacture,  or  composition  of  matter,  or  any  new 
and  useful  improvement  thereof,  not  known  or  used  by 
others  in  this  country,  and  not  patented  or  described  in  any 
printed  publication  in  this  or  in  any  foreign  country,  be- 
fore his  invention  or  discovery  thereof,  and  not  in  public 
use  or  on  sale  for  more  than  two  years  prior  to  his  applica- 
tion, unless  the  same  is  proved  to  have  been  abandoned, 
may,  upon  payment  of  the  duty  required  by  law,  and  other 
due  proceedings  had,  obtain  a  patent  therefor. 

FOREIGN   INVENTIONS   MAY    BE   PATENTED. 

SEC.  25.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  no  person  shall 
be  debarred  from  receiving  a  patent  for  his  invention  or 
discovery,  nor  shall  any  patent  be  declared  invalid,  by  rea- 


58  PATENT    LAWS    OP    1870. 

son  of  its  having  been  first  patented  or  caused  to  be  patent- 
ed in  a  foreign  country ;  provided  the  same  shall  not  have 
been  introduced  into  public  use  in  the  United  States  for 
more  than  two  years  prior  to  the  application,  and  that  the 
patent  shall  expire  at  the  same  time  with  the  foreign  pa- 
tent, or,  if  there  be  more  than  one,  at  the  same  time  with 
the  one  having  the  shortest  term  ;  but  in  no  case  shall  it  be 
in  force  more  than  seventeen  years. 

DESCRIPTION   AND   SPECIFICATION. 

SEC.  26.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  before  any  in- 
ventor or  discoverer  shall  receive  a  patent  for  his  invention 
or  discovery,  he  shall  make  application  therefor,  in  writing, 
to  the  Commissioner,  and  shall  file  in  the  Patent-Office  a 
written  description  of  the  same,  and  of  the  manner  and  pro- 
cess of  making,  constructing,  compounding,  and  using  it, 
in  such  full,  clear,  concise,  and  exact  terms  as  to  enable  any 
person  skilled  in  the  art  or  science  to  which  it  appertains, 
or  with  which  it  is  most  nearly  connected,  to  make,  con- 
struct, compound,  and  use  the  same  ;  and  in  case  of  a  ma- 
chine, he  shall  explain  the  principle  thereof,  and  the  best 
mode  in  which  he  has  contemplated  applying  that  principle 
so  as  to  distinguish  it  from  other  inventions ;  and  he  shall 
particularly  point  out  and  distinctly  claim  the  part,  improve- 
ment, or  combination  which  he  claims  as  his  invention  or 
discovery;  and  said  specification  and  claim  shall  be  signed 
by  the  inventor  and  attested  by  two  witnesses. 

DRAWINGS. 

SEC.  27.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  when  the  na- 
ture of  the  case  admits  of  drawings,  the  applicant  shall 
furnish  one  copy  signed  by  the  inventor  or  his  attorney  in 
fact,  and  attested  by  two  witnesses,  which  shall  be  filed  in 
the  Patent-Office;  and  a  copy  of  said  drawings,  to  be 
furnished  by  the  Patent-Office,  shall  be  attached  to  the  pa- 
tent as  a  part  of  the  specification. 

COMPOSITIONS. 
SEC.  28.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  when  the  inven- 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870.  59 


tion  or  discovery  is  of  a  composition  of  matter,  the  applicant, 
if  required  by  the  Commissioner,  shall  furnish  specimens 
of  ingredients  and  of  the  composition,  sufficient  in  quantity 
for  the  purpose  of  experiment. 


SEC.  29.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  in  all  cases  which 
admit  of  representation  by  model,  the  applicant,  if  required 
by  the  Commissioner,  shall  furnish  one  of  convenient  size 
to  exhibit  advantageously  the  several  parts  of  his  invention 
or  discovery. 

OATH   OP  INVENTION. 

SEC.  30.  And  be  it  farther  enacted,  That  the  applicant 
shall  make  oath  or  affirmation  that  he  does  verily  believe 
himself  to  be  the  original  and  first  inventor  or  discoverer 
of  the  art,  machine,  manufacture,  composition,  or  improve- 
ment for  which  he  solicits  a  patent;  that  he  does  not  know 
and  does  not  believe  that  the  same  was  ever  before  known 
or  used ;  and  shall  state  of  what  country  he  is  a  citizen. 
And  said  oath  or  affirmation  may  be  made  before  any  per- 
son in  the  United  States  authorized  by  law  to  administer 
oaths ;  or  when  the  applicant  resides  in  a  foreign  country,  be- 
fore any  minister,  charge  d'affaires,  consul,  or  commercial 
agent,  holding  commission  under  the  government  of  the 
United  States,  or  before  any  notary  public  of  the  foreign 
country  in  which  the  applicant  may  be. 

OFFICIAL  EXAMINATION. 

SEC.  31.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  on  the  filing  of 
any  such  application  and  the  payment  of  the  duty  required 
by  law,  the  Commissioner  shall  cause  an  examination  to  be 
made  of  the  alleged  new  invention  or  discovery ;  and  if  on 
such  examination  it  shall  appear  that  the  claimant  is  justly 
entitled  to  a  patent  under  the  law,  and  that  the  same  is  suffi- 
ciently useful  and  important,  the  Commissioner  shall  issue 
a  patent  therefor. 


60  PATENT     LAWS    OF    1870. 


COMPLETION    OF    APPLICATION. 

SEC.  32.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  applications 
for  patents  shall  be  completed  and  prepared  for  examina- 
tion within  two  years  after  the  filing  of  the  petition,  and 
in  default  thereof,  or  upon  failure  of  the  applicant  to  prose- 
cute the  same  within  two  years  after  any  action  therein,  of 
which  notice  shall  have  been  given  to  the  applicant,  they 
shall  be  regarded  as  abandoned  by  the  parties  thereto,  un- 
less it  be  shown  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Commissioner 
that  such  delay  was  unavoidable 

RIGHTS    OF   ASSIGNEES. 

SEC.  33.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  patents  may  be 
granted  and  issued  or  reissued  to  the  assignee  of  the  in- 
ventor or  discoverer,  the  assignment  thereof  being  first 
entered  of  record  in  the  Patent-Office ;  but  in  such  case  the 
application  for  the  patent  shall  be  made  and  the  specifica- 
tion sworn  to  by  the  inventor  or  discoverer ;  and  also,  if  he 
be  living,  in  case  of  an  application  for  reissue. 

PATENTS  AFTER  DECEASE  OF  INVESTOR. 

SEC.  34.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  when  any  per- 
son, having  made  any  new  invention  or  discovery  for  which 
a  patent  might  have  been  granted,  dies  before  a  patent  is 
granted,  the  right  of  applying  for  and  obtaining  the  patent 
shall  devolve  on  his  executor  or  administrator,  in  trust  for 
the  heirs  at  law  of  the  deceased,  in  case  he  shall  have  died 
intestate  ;  or  if  he  shall  have  left  a  will,  disposing  of  the 
same,  then  in  trust  for  his  devisees,  in  as  full  manner  and  on 
the  same  terms  and  conditions  aathe  same  might  have  been 
claimed  or  enjoyed  by  him  in  his  lifetime ;  and  when  the 
application  shall  be  made  by  such  legal  representatives,  the 
oath  or  affirmation  required  to  be  made  shall  be  so  varied 
n  form  that  it  can  be  made  by  them. 

LAPSED  AND    REJECTED   CASES. 

SEC.  35.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  any  person  who 
has  an  interest  in  an  invention  or  discovery,  whether  as  in- 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870.  61 

ventor,  discoverer,  or  assignee,  for  which  a  patent  was  order- 
ed to  issue  upon  the  payment  of  the  final  fee,  but  who  has 
failed  to  make  payment  thereof  within  six  months  from  the 
time  at  which  it  was  passed  and  allowed,  and  notice  thereof 
was  sent  to  the  applicant  or  his  agent,  shall  have  a  right  to 
make  an  application  for  a  patent  for  such  invention  or  dis- 
covery the  same  as  in  the  case  of  an  original  application : 
Provided,  That  the  second  application  be  made  within  two 
years  after  the  allowance  of  the  original  application.  But 
no  person  shall  be  held  responsible  in  damages  for  the 
manufacture  or  use  of  any  article  or  thing  for  which  a 
patent,  as  aforesaid,  was  ordered  to  issue,  prior  to  the  issue 
thereof:  And  provided  further,  That  when  an  application  for 
a  patent  has  been  rejected  or  withdrawn,  prior  to  the  pass- 
age of  this  act,  the  applicant  shall  have  six  months  from 
the  date  of  such  passage  to  renew  his  application,  or  to  file 
a  new  one  ;  and  if  he  omit  to  do  either,  his  application 
shall  be  held  to  have  been  abandoned.  Upon  the  hearing 
of  such  renewed  applications  abandonment  shall  be  con- 
sidered as  a  question  of  fact. 

ASSIGNMENTS,    GRANTS,    AND   CONVEYANCES. 

SEC.  36.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  every  patent  or 
any  interest  therein  shall  be  assignable  in  law,  by  an  instru- 
ment in  writing ;  and  the  patentee  or  his  assigns  or  legal 
representatives  may,  in  like  manner,  grant  and  convey  an 
exclusive  right  under  his  patent  to  the  whole  or  any  speci- 
fied part  of  the  United  States ;  and  said  assignment,  grant, 
or  conveyance  shall  be  void  as  against  any  subsequent  pur- 
chaser or  mortgagee  for  a  valuable  consideration,  without 
notice,  unless  it  is  recorded  in  the  Patent-Office  within  three 
months  from  the  date  thereof. 

PURCHASERS'  RIGHTS  BEFORE  PATENT. 

SEC.  37.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  every  person 
who  may  have  purchased  of  the  inventor,  or  with  his  know 
ledge  and  consent  may  have  constructed  any  newly  invented 
or  discovered  machine,  or  other  patentable  article,  prior  to 
the  application  by  the  inventor  or  discoverer  for  a  patent,  or 


62  PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870. 


sold  or  used  one  so  constructed,  shall  have  the  right  to  use, 
and  vend  to  others  to  be  used,  the  specific  things  so  made 
or  purchased,  without  liability  therefor. 

PATENTED    ARTICLES    TO    BE   STAMPED. 

SKC.  38.  Andbe  itfurtfier  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  all  patentees,  and  their  assigns  and  legal  represen-  j 
tatives,  and  of  all  persons  making  or  vending  any  patented  i 
article  for  or  under  them,  to  give  sufficient  notice  to  the  j 
public  that  the  same  is  patented,  either  by  fixing  thereon  j 
the  word  "  patented,"  together  with  the  day  and  year  the  ; 
patent  was  granted;  or  when,  from  the  character  of  the  • 
article,  this  can  not  be  done,  by  fixing  to  it  or  to  the  pack-  j 
age  wherein  one  or  more  of  them  is  inclosed,  a  label  con- 
taining the  like  notice ;  and  in  any  suit  for  infringement, 
by  the  party  failing  so  to  mark,  no  damages  shall  be  re- 
covered by  the  plaintiff,  except  on  proof  that  the  defendant 
was  duly  notified  of  the  infringement,  and  continued,  aftxT 
such  notice,  to  make,  use,  or  vend  the  article  so  patented. 

PENALTY    FOR   FALSE    MARKING. 

SEC.  39.  And  be  it  furtlier  enacted,  That  if  any  person 
shall,  in  any  manner,  mark  upon  any  thing  made,  used,  or 
sold  by  him  for  which  he  has  not  obtained  a  patent,  the 
name  or  any  imitation  of  the  name  of  any  person  who  has 
obtained  a  patent  therefor,  without  the  consent  of  such 
patentee,  or  his  assigns  or  legal  representatives ;  or  shall  in 
any  manner  mark  upon  or  affix  to  any  such  patented  article 
the  word  "patent"  or  "  patentee,"  or  the  words  "letters- 
patent,"  or  any  word  of  like  import,  with  intent  to  imitate 
or  counterfeit  the  mark  or  device  of  the  patentee,  without 
having  the  license  or  consent  of  such  patentee  or  his  assigns 
or  legal  representatives;  or  shall  in  any  manner  mark  upon 
or  affix  to  any  unpatented  article  the  word  "patent, "or any 
word  importing  that  the  same  is  patented,  for  the  purpose 
of  deceiving  the  public,  he  shall  be  liable  for  every  such 
offense  to  a  penalty  of  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars, 
with  costs;  one  moiety  of  said  penalty  to  the  person  who 
shall  sue  for  the  same,  and  the  other  to  the  use  of  the  United 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870.  63 


States,  to  be  recovered  by  suit  in  any  district  court  of  the 
United  States  within  whose  jurisdiction  such  offense  may 
have  been  committed. 


SKC.  40  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  any  citizen  of 
the  United  States,  who  shall  have  made  any  new  invention 
or  discovery,  and  shall  desire  further  time  to  mature  the 
same,  may,  on  payment  of  the  duty  required  by  law,  file  in 
the  Patent-Office  a  caveat  setting  forth  the  design  thereof, 
and  of  its  distinguishing  characteristics,  and  praying  protec- 
tion of  his  right  until  he  shall  have  matured  his  invention ; 
and  such  caveat  shall  be  filed  in  the  confidential  archives  of 
the  office  and  preserved  in  secrecy,  and  shall  be  operative 
for  the  term  of  one  year  from  the  filing  thereof;  and  if  ap- 
plication shall  be  made  within  the  year  by  any  other  person 
for  a  patent  with  which  such  caveat  would  in  any  manner 
interfere,  the  Commissioner  shall  deposit  the  description, 
specifications,  drawings,  and  model  of  such  application  in 
like  manner  in  the  confidential  archives  of  the  office,  and 
give  notice  thereof,  by  mail,  to  the  person  filing  the  caveat, 
who,  if  he  would  avail  himself  of  his  caveat,  shall  file  his 
description,  specifications,  drawings,  and  model  within  three 
months  from  the  time  of  placing  said  notice  in  the  post 
office  in  Washington,  with  the  usual  time  required  for  trans- 
mitting it  to  the  caveator  added  thereto,  which  time  shall  be 
indorsed  on  the  notice.  And  an  alien  shall  have  the  privi- 
lege herein  granted,  if  he  shall  have  resided  in  the  United 
States  one  year  next  preceding  the  filing  of  his  caveat,  and 
made  oath  of  his  intention  to  become  a  citizen. 

REJECTIONS. 

SEC.  41.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  whenever,  on 
examination,  any  claim  for  a  patent  is  rejected  for  any  reason 
whatever,  the  Commissioner  shall  notify  the  applicant 
thereof,  giving  him  briefly  the  reasons  for  such  rejections, 
together  with  such  information  and  references  as  may  be 
useful  in  judging  of  the  propriety  of  renewing  his  applica- 
tion or  of  altering  nis  specification  ;  and  if,  after  receiving 


G4  PATENT     LAWS    OF    1870. 


such  notice,  the  applicant  shall  persist  in  his  claim  for  a 
patent,  with  or  without  altering  his  specifications,  the  Com- 
missioner shall  order  a  reexamination  of  the  case. 


SEC.  42.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  whenever  an  ap- 
plication is  made  for  a  patent  which,  in  the  opinion  of  the 
Commissioner,  would  interfere  with  ai.y  pending  applica- 
tion, or  with  any  unexpired  patent,  he  shall  give  notice 
thereof  to  the  applicants,  or  applicant  and  patentee,  as  the 
case  may  be,  and  shall  direct  the  primary  examiner  to  pro- 
ceed to  determine  the  question  of  priority  of  invention. 
And  the  Commissioner  may  issue  a  patent  to  the  party  who 
shall  be  adjudged  the  prior  inventor,  unless  the  adverse 
party  shall  appeal  from  the  decision  of  the  primary  ex- 
aminer, or  of  the  board  of  examiners-in-chief.  as  the  case 
may  be,  within  such  time,  not  less  than  twenty  days,  as  the 
Commissioner  shall  prescribe. 

AFFIDAVITS    AND    DEPOSITIONS. 

SEC.  43.  And  be  it  fitrtlier  enfwted,  That  the  Commis- 
sioner may  establish  rules  for  taking  affidavits  and  deposi- 
tions required  in  cases  pending  in  the  Patent-Office,  and 
such  affidavits  and  depositions  may  be  taken  before  any  offi- 
cer authorized  by  law  to  take  depositions  to  be  used  in  the 
courts  of  the  United  States,  or  of  the  State  where  the  officer 
resides. 

DUTY    OF    CLERK    OF   COURT. 


case  pending  in  the  Patent-Office,  shall,  upon  the  applica- 
tion of  any  party  thereto,  or  his  agent  or  attorney,  issue 
subpoena  for  any  witness  residing  or  being  within  said  dis- 
trict or  territory,  commanding  him  to  appear  and  testify 
before  any  officer  in  said  district  or  territory  authorized  to 
take  depositions  and  affidavits,  at  any  time  and  place  in  the 
subpoena  stated  ;  and  if  any  witness,  after  being  duly  served 
with  such  subpoena,  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  appear,  or 


PATENT     LAWS     OF    1870.  05 


after  appearing  shall  refuse  to  testify,  the  judge  of  the  court 
whose  clerk  issued  the  subpoena  may,  on  proof  of  such 
neglect  or  refusal,  enforce  obedience  to  the  process,  or 
punish  the  disobedience  as  in  other  like  cases. 

FEES    AND    RIGHTS   OP   WITNESSES. 

SEC.  45.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  every  witness 
duly  subooenaed  and  in  attendance  shall  be  allowed  the  same 
fees  as  are  allowed  to  witnesses  attending  the  courts  of  the 
United  States,  but  no  witness  shall  be  required  to  attend  at 
any  place  more  than  forty  miles  from  the  place  where  the 
subpoena  is  served  upon  him,  nor  be  deemed  guilty  of  con- 
tempt for  disobeying  such  subpoena,  unless  his  fees  and 
traveling  expenses  in  going  to,  returning  from,  and  one 
day's  attendance  at  the  place  of  examination,  are  paid  or 
tendered  him  at  the  time  of  the  service  of  the  subpoena; 
nor  for  refusing  to  disclose  any  secret  invention  or  discovery 
made  or  owned  by  himself. 


SEC.  46.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  everv  applicant 
for  a  patent  or  the  reissue  of  a  patent,  any  of  the  claims  of 
j  which  have  been  twice  rejected,  and  every  party  to  an  inter- 
I  fere  nee,  may  appeal  from  the  decision  of  the  primary  ex- 
j  arniner,  or  of  the  examiner  in  charge  of  interference,  in 
|  such  case  to  the  board  of  examiners-in  chief,  having  once 
I  paid  the  fee  for  such  appeal  provided  by  law. 

SEC.  47.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  if  such  party  is 
!  dissatisfied  with  the  decision  of  the  examiners-in-chief,  he 
j  may,  on  payment  of  the  duty  required  by  law,  appeal  to 
I  the  Commissioner  in  person. 

SEC.  48.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  if  such  party, 
|  except,  a  party  to  an  interference,  is  dissatisfied  with  the  de- 
1  cision  of  the  Commissioner,  he  may  appeal  to  the  supreme 
court  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  sitting  in  bane. 

SEC.  49.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  when  an  appeal 
is  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia 
the  appellant  shall  give  notice  thereof  to  the  Commissioner, 
.•UK!  file  in  the  Patent-Office,  within  such  time  as  the  Com- 


66  PATENT     LAWS    OF     1870. 


missioner  shall  appoint,  his  reasons  of  appeal,  specifically 
set  forth  in  writing. 

SEC.  50.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  said  court,  on  petition,  to  hear  and  determine  such 
appeal,  and  to  revise  the  decision  appealed  from  in  a  sum- 
mary way,  on  the  evidence  produced  before  the  Commis- 
sioner, at  such  early  and  convenient  time  as  the  court  may 
appoint,  notifying  the  Commissioner  of  the  time  and  place 
of  hearing ;  and  the  revision  shall  be  confined  to  the  points 
set  forth  in  the  reasons  of  appeal.  And  after  hearing  the 
case,  the  court  shall  return  to  the  Commissioner  a  certifi- 
cate of  its  proceedings  and  decision,  which  shall  be  entered 
of  record  in  the  Patent-Office,  and  govern  the  further  pro 
ceedings  in  the  case.  But  no  opinion  or  decision  of  the 
court  in  any  such  case  shall  preclude  any  person  interested 
from  the  right  to  contest  the  validity  of  such  patent  in  any 
court  wherein  the  same  may  be  called  in  question. 

SEC.  51.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  on  receiving 
notice  of  the  time  and  place  of  hearing  such  appeal,  the 
Commissioner  shall  notify  all  parties  who  appear  to  be  in- 
terested therein,  in  such  manner  as  the  court  may  pre- 
scribe. The  party  appealing  shall  lay  before  the  court  cer- 
tified copies  of  all  the  original  papers  and  evidence  in  the 
case,  and  the  Commissioner  shall  furnish  it  with  the  grounds 
of  his  decision,  fully  set  forth  in  writing,  touching  all  the 
points  involved  by  the  reasons  of  appeal.  And  at  the  re- 
quest of  any  party  interested,  or  of  the  court,  the  Com- 
missioner and  the  examiners  may  be  examined  under  oath, 
in  explanation  of  the  principles  of  the  machine  or  other 
thing  for  which  a  patent  is  demanded. 

BILL    IX    EQUITY. 

SEC.  52.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  whenever  a 
patent  on  application  is  refused,  for  any  reason  whatever, 
either  by  the  Commissioner  or  by  the  supreme  court  of  the 
District  of  Columbia  upon  appeal  from  the  Commissioner, 
the  applicant  may  have  remedy  by  bill  in  equity ;  and  the 
court  having  cognizance  thereof,  on  notice  to  adverse  par- 
ties and  other  due  proceedings  had,  may  adjudge  that  such 
applicant  is  entitled,  according  to  law,  to  receive  a  patent 


PATENT    LAWS     OF    1870. 


for  his  invention,  as  specified  in  his  claim,  or  for  any  part 
thereof,  as  the  facts  in  the  case  may  appear.  And  such 
adjudication,  if  it  be  in  favor  of  the  right  of  the  applicant, 
shall  authorize  the  Commissioner  to  issue  such  patent,  on 
the  application  filing  in  the  Patent-Office  a  copy  of  the  ad- 
judication, and  otherwise  complying  with  the  requisitions  of 
law.  And  in  all  cases  where  there  is  no  opposing  party  a 
copy  of  the  bill  shall  be  served  on  the  Commissioner,  and 
all  the  expenses  of  the  proceeding  shall  be  paid  by  the  ap- 
plicant, whether  the  final  decision  is  in  his  favor  or  not. 


Sec.  53.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  whenever  any 
patent  is  inoperative  or  invalid,  by  reason  of  a  defective  or 
insufficient  specification,  or  by  reason  of  the  patentee 
claiming  as  his  own  invention  or  discovery  more  than  he  had 
a  right  to  claim  as  new,  if  the  error  has  arisen  by  inadver- 
tence, accident,  or  mistake,  and  without  any  fraudulent  or 
deceptive  intention,  the  Commissioner  shall,  on  the  sur- 
render of  such  patent  and  the  payment  of  the  duty  required 
by  law,  cause  a  new  patent  for  the  same  invention,  and  in 
accordance  with  the  corrected  specification,  to  be  issued  to 
the  patentee,  or,  in  the  case  of  his  death  or  assignment  of 
the  whole  or  any  undivided  part  of  the  original  patent,  to 
his  executors,  administrators,  or  assigns,  for  the  unexpired 
part  of  the  term  of  the  original  patent,  the  surrender  of 
which  shall  take  effect  upon  the  issue  of  the  amended 
patent ;  and  the  Commissioner  may,  in  his  discretion,  cause 
several  patents  to  be  issued  for  distinct  and  separate  parts 
of  the  thing  patented,  upon  demand  of  the  applicant,  and 
upon  payment  of  the  required  fee  for  a  reissue  for  each 
of  such  reissued  letters-patent.  And  the  specifications  and 
claim  in  every  such  case  shall  be  subject  to  revision  and  re- 
striction in  the  same  manner  as  original  applications  are. 
And  the  patent  so  reissued,  together  with  the  corrected 
specification,  shall  have  the  effect  and  operation  in  law,  on 
the  trial  of  all  actions  for  causes  thereafter  arising,  as 
though  the  same  had  been  originally  filed  in  such  corrected 
forms ;  but  no  new  matter  shall  be  introduced  into  the 
specification,  nor  in  case  of  a  machine  patent  shall  the 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870. 


model  or  drawings  be  amended,  except  each  by  the  other  ; 
but  when  there  is  neither  model  nor  drawing,  amendments 
may  be  made  upon  proof  satisfactory  to  the  Commissioner 
that  such  new  matter  or  amendment  was  a  part  of  the 
original  invention,  and  was  omitted  from  the  specification 
by  inadvertence,  accident,  or  mistake,  as  aforesaid. 

DISCLAIMERS. 

SKC.  54.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  whenever, 
through  inadvertence,  accident,  or  mistake,  and  without  any 
fraudulent  or  deceptive  intention,  a  patentee  has  claimed 
more  than  that  of  which  he  was  the  original  or  first  inven- 
tor or  discoverer,  his  patent  shall  be  valid  for  all  that  part 
which  is  truly  and  justly  his  own,  provided  the  same  is  a 
material  or  substantial  part  of  the  thing  patented ;  and  any 
such  patentee,  his  heirs,  or  assigns,  whether  of  the  whole 
or  any  sectional  interest  therein,  may,  on  payment  of  the  duty 
required  by  law,  make  disclaimer  of  such  parts  of  the  thing 
patented  as  he  shall  not  choose  to  claim  or  to  hold  by  vir- 
tue of  the  patent  or  assignment,  stating  therein  the  extent 
of  his  interest  in  such  patent ;  said  disclaimer  shall  be  in 
writing,  attested  by  one  or  more  witnesses,  and  recorded  in 
the  Patent-Office,  and  it  shall  thereafter  be  considered  as 
part  of  the  original  specification  to  the  extent  of  the  inter- 
est possessed  by  the  claimant  and  by  those  claiming  under 
him  after  the  record  thereof.  But  no  such  disclaimer  shall 
affect  any  action  pending  at  the  time  of  its  being  filed,  ex- 
cept so  far  as  may  relate  to  the  question  of  unreasonable 
neglect  or  delay  in  filing  it. 

INFRINGEMENT,    SUITS  FOR. 

SEC.  55.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  all  actions,  suits, 
controversies,  aud  cases  arising  under  the  patent  laws  of 
the  United  States  shall  be  originally  cognizable,  as  well 
in  equity  as  at  law,  by  the  circuit  courts  of  the  United 


States,  or  any  district  court  having  the  powers  and  juris- 
diction of  a  circuit  court,  or  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
District  of  Columbia,  or  of  any  territory ;  and  the  court 
shall  have  power,  upon  bill  in  equity  filed  by  any  party 
aggrieved,  to  grant  injunctions  according  to  the  course  and 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1370. 


principles  of  courts  of  equity,  to  prevent  the  violation  of 
any  right  secured  by  patent,  on  such  terms  as  the  court 
may  deem  reasonable ;  and  upon  a  decree  being  rendered 
in  any  such  case  for  an  infringement,  the  claimant  shall  be 
entitled  to  recover,  in  addition  to  the  profits  to  be  account- 
ed for  by  the  defendant,  the  damages  the  complainant  has 
sustained  thereby,  and  the  court  shall  assess  the  same  or 
cause  the  same  to  be  assessed  under  its  direction,  and  the 
court  shall  have  the  same  powers  to  increase  the  same  in  its 
discretion  that  are  given  by  this  act  to  increase  the  dama- 
ges found  by  verdicts  in  actions  upon  the  case  ;  but  all  ac- 
tions shall  be  brought  during  the  term  for  which  the  letters- 
patent  shall  be  granted  or  extended,  or  within  six  years  af- 
ter the  expiration  thereof. 

APPEALS  TO  SUPREME  COURT. 

SEC.  56.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  a  writ  of  error 
or  appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  shall 
lie  from  all  judgments  and  decrees  of  any  circuit  court,  or 
of  any  district  court  exercising  the  jurisdiction  of  a  circuit 
court,  or  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
or  of  any  territory,  in  any  action,  suit,  controversy,  or  case, 
at  law  or  in  equity,  touching  patent  rights,  in  the  same  man- 
ner and  under  the  same  circumstances  as  in  other  judg- 
ments and  decrees  of  such  circuit  courts,  without  regard  to 
the  sum  of  value  in  controversy. 

RECORD   EVIDENCE. 

SEC.  57.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  written  or  print- 
ed copies  of  any  records,  books,  papers,  or  drawings  belong- 
ing to  the  Patent-Office,  and  of  letters-patent  under  the  sig- 
nature of  the  Commissioner  or  Acting  Commissioner,  with 
the  seal  of  office  affixed,  shall  be  competent  evidence  in  all 
cases  wherein  the  originals  could  be  evidence,  and  any  per 
son  making  application  therefor,  and  paying  the  fee  required 
by  law,  shall  have  certified  copies  thereof.  And  copies  of 
the  specifications  and  drawings  of  foreign  letters-patent, 
certified  in  like  manner,  shall  be  prima-facie  evidence  of 
the  fact  of  the  granting  of  such  foreign  letters-patent.,  and 
of  the  date  and  contents  thereof. 


70  PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870. 


INTERFERENCE   EQUITY    PROCEEDINGS. 

SEC.  58.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  whenever  there 
shall  be  interfering  patents,  any  person  interested  in  any 
of  such  interfering  patents,  or  in  the  working  of  the  inven- 
tion claimed  under  either  of  such  patents,  may  have  relief 
against  the  interfering  patentee,  and  all  parties  interested 
under  him,  by  suit  in  equity  against  the  owners  of  the  in- 
terfering patent ;  and  the  court  having  cognizance  thereof, 
as  herein  before  provided,  or  notice  to  adverse  parties,  and 
other  due  proceedings  had  according  to  the  course  of  equi- 
ty, may  adjudge  and  declare  either  of  the  patents  void  in 
whole  or  in  part,  or  inoperative,  or  invalid  in  any  particu- 
lar part  of  the  United  States,  according  to  the  interest  of 
the  parties  in  the  patent  or  the  invention  patented.  But  no 
such  judgment  or  adjudication  shall  affect  the  rights  of  an_\fc 
person  except  the  parties  to  the  suit  and.  those  deriving  ti- 
tle under  them  subsequent  to  the  rendition  of  such  judg- 
ment. 

DAMAGES    FOR    INFRINGEMENT. 

SEC.  59.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  damages  for  the 
infringement  of  any  patent  may  be  recovered  by  action  on 
the  case  in  any  circuit  court  of  the  United  States,  or  dis- 
trict court  exercising  the  jurisdiction  of  a  circuit  court,  or 
in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  or  of  any 
territory,  in  the  name  of  the  party  interested,  either  a? 
patentee,  assignee,  or  grantee.  And  whenever  in  any  such 
action  a  verdict  shall  be  rendered  for  the  plaintiff,  the 
court  mav  enter  judgment  thereon  for  any  sum  above  the 
amount  found  by  the  verdict  as  the  actual  damages  sus- 
tained, according  to  the  circumstances  of  the  case,  not  ex 
i  ceeding  three  times  the  amount  of  such  verdict,  together 
with  the  costs. 

PART   INFRINGEMENT,    SUIT   FOR. 

SEC.  60.  And   be   it  further    enacted,    That    whenever   j 
through  inadvertence,  accident,  or  mistake,  and  without  an-   > 
willful  default  or  intent  to  defraud  or  mislead  the  public,  ;•  ! 
patentee  shall  have  (in  his  specification)  claimed  to  be  tin- 
original  and  first  inventor  or  discoverer  of  any  material «  r 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870.  71 

substantial  part  of  the  thing  patented,  of  which  he  was 
not  the  original  and  first  inventor  or  discoverer  as  aforesaid, 
every  such  patentee,  his  executors,  administrators,  and  as- 
signs, whether  of  the  whole  or  any  sectional  interest  in  the 
patent,  may  maintain  a  suit  at  law  or  in  equity  for  the  in- 
fringement of  any  part  thereof  which  was  bona  fide  his 
own,  provided  it  shall  be  a  material  and  substantial  part 
of  the  thing  patented,  and  be  definitely  distinguishable  from 
the  parts  so  claimed,  without  right  as  aforesaid,  notwith- 
standing the  specifications  may  embrace  more  than  that  of 
which  the  patentee  was  the  original  or  first  inventor  or  dis- 
coverer. But  in  every  such  casein  \0iicha  judgment  or 
decree  shall  be  rendered  for  the  plaintiff,  no  costs  shall  be 
recovered  unless  the  proper  disclaimer  has  been  entered  at 
the  Patent-Office  before  the  commencement  of  the  suit ;  nor 
shall  he  be  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  this  section  if  he 
shall  have  unreasonably  neglected  or  delayed  to  enter  sai-i 
disclaimer. 

PLEADINGS    IN    INFRINGEMENT. 

SEC.  61.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  in  any  action 
for  infringement  the  defendant  may  plead  the  general  issue, 
and,  having  given  notice  in  writing  to  the  plaintiff  or  his 
attorney,  thirty  days  before,  may  prove  on  trial  any  one  or 
more  of  the  following  special  matters: 

First.  That  for  the  purpose  of  deceiving  the  public  the 
description  and  specification  filed  by  the  patentee  in  the 
Patent;0ffice  was  made  to  contain  less  than  the  whole  truth 
relative  to  his  invention  or  discovery,  or  more  than  is  ne- 
cessary to  produce  the  desired  effect ;  or, 

Second.  That  he  had  surreptitiously  or  unjustly  obtained 
the  patent  for  that  which  was  in  fact  invented  by  another, 
who  was  using  reasonable  diligence  in  adapting  and  perfect- 
ing the  same  ;  or, 

Third.  That  it  has  been  patented  or  described  in  some 
printed  publication  prior  to  his  supposed  invention  or  dis- 
covery thereof;  or, 

Fourth.  That  he  was  not  the  original  and  first  inventor 
or  discoverer  of  any  material  and  substantial  part  of  the 
thing  patented ;  or, 


72  PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870. 

Fifth.  That  it  had  been  in  public  use  or  on  sale  in  this 
country  for  more  than  two  years  before  his  application  for 
a  patent,  or  had  been  abandoned  to  the  public. 

And  in  notice  as  to  proof  of  previous  invention,  know- 
ledge, or  use  of  the  thing  patented,  the  defendant,  shall  state 
he  names  of  patentees  and  the  dates  of  their  patents,  and 
when  granted,  and  the  names  and  residences  of  the  per- 
sons alleged  to  have  invented  or  to  have  had  the  prior 
knowledge  of  the  thing  patented,  and  where  and  by  whom 
it  had  been  used  ;  and  if  any  one  or  more  of  the  special  mat- 
ters alleged  shall  be  found  for  the  defendant,  judgment 
shall  be  rendered  for  him  with  costs.  And  the  like  defen- 
ses may  be  pleaded  in  any  suit  in  equity  for  relief  against 
an  alleged  infringement ;  and  proofs  of  the  same  may  be 
given  upon  like  notice  in  the  answer  of  the  defendant,  and 
with  the  like  effect. 

PATENT  NOT  VOID  BECAUSE  KNOWN  IN  A  FOREIGN  COUNTRY. 

SEC.  62.  And  be  it  furtJier  enacted,  That  whenever  it  shall 
appear  that  the  patentee,  at  the  time  of  making  his  appli- 
cation for  the  patent,  believed  himself  to  be  the  original 
and  first  inventor  or  discoverer  of  the  thing  patented,  the 
same  shall  not  be  held  to  be  void  on  account  of  the  inven- 
tion or  discovery,  or  any  part  thereof,  having  been  known 
or  used  in  a  foreign  country,  before  his  invention  or  dis- 
covery thereof,  if  it  had  not  been  patented,  or  described  in 
a  printed  publication. 

EXTENSION    OF   PATENTS. 

SEC.  63.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  where  the  paten- 
tee of  an  invention  or  discovery,  the  patent  for  which  was 
granted  prior  to  the  second  day  of  March,  eighteen  hun- 
dred and  sixty-one,  shall  desire  an  extension  of  his  patent 
beyond  the  original  term  of  its  limitation,  he  shall  make 
application  therefor,  in  writing,  to  the  commissioner,  set- 
ting forth  the  rea-on  why  such  extension  should  be  grant- 
ed ;  and  he  shall  also  furnish  a  written  statement  under 
oath  of  the  ascertained  value  of  the  invention  or  discov- 
ery, and  of  his  receipts  and  expenditures  on  account  there- 
of, sufficiently  in  detail  to  exhibit  a  true  ani  faithful  ac- 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870.  73 


count  of  the  loss  and  profit  in  any  manner  accruing  to  him 
by  reason  of  said  invention  or  discovery.  And  said  appli- 
cation shall  be  filed  not  more  than  six  months  nor  less  than 
ninety  days  before  the  expiration  of  the  original  term  of  the 
patent,  and  no  extension  shall  be  granted  after  the  expira- 
tion of  said  original  term. 

SEC.  64.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  upon  the  receipt 
of  such  application,  and  the  payment  of  the  duty  required 
by  law,  the  commissioner  shall  cause  to  be  published  in  one 
newspaper  in  the  city  of  Washington,  and  in  such  other 
papers  published  in  the  section  of  the  country  most  inter- 
ested adversely  to  the  extension  of  the  patent  as  he  may 
deem  proper,  for  at  least  sixty  days  prior  to  the  day  set  for 
hearing  the  case,  a  notice  of  such  application,  and  of  the 
time  and  place  when  and  where  the  same  will  be  consider- 
ed, that  any  person  may  appear  and  show  cause  why  the 
extension  should  not  be  granted. 

SEC.  65.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  on  the  publica- 
tion of  such  notice,  the  Commissioner  shall  refer  the  case 
to  the  principal  examiner  having  charge  of  the  class  of  in- 
ventions to  which  it  belongs,  who  shall  make  to  said  Com- 
missioner a  full  report  of  the  case,  and  particularly  whether 
the  invention  or  discovery  was  new  and  patentable  when 
the  original  patent  was  granted. 

SEC.  66.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  Commission- 
er shall,  at  the  time  and  place  designated  in  the  published 
notice,  hear  and  decide  upon  the  evidence  produced,  both 
for  and  against  the  extension  ;  and  if  it  shall  appear  to  his 
satisfaction  that  the  patentee,  without  neglect  or  fault  on 
his  part,  has  failed  to  obtain  from  the  use  and  sale  of  his 
invention  or  discovery  a  reasonable  remuneration  for  the 
time,  ingenuity,  and  expense  bestowed  upon  it,  and  the  in- 
troduction of  it  into  use,  and  that  it  is  just  and  proper,  hav- 
ing due  regard  to  the  public  interest,  that  the  term  of  the 
patent  should  be  extended,  the  said  Commissioner  shall 
make  a  certificate  thereon,  renewing  and  extending  the 
said  patent  for  the  term  of  seven  years  from  the  expiration 
of  the  first  term,  which  certificate  shall  be  recorded  in  the 
Patent-Office,  and  thereupon  the  said  patent  shall  have  the 


74  PATENT    LAWS     OF    1870. 


same  effect  in  law  as  though  it  had  been  originally  granted 
for  twenty-one  years. 


OFFICIAL    FEES. 

SEC.  68.  And  be  it  furtlier  enacted,  That  the  following 
shall  be  the  rates  for  patent  lees : 

On  filing  each  original  application  for  a  patent,  fifteen 
dollars. 

On  issuing  each  original  patent,  twenty  dollars. 

On  filing  each  caveat,  ten  dollars. 

On  every  application  for  the  reissue  of  a  patent,  thirty 
dollars. 

On  filing  each  disclaimer,  ten  dollars. 

On  everv  application  for  the  extension  of  a  patent,  fifty 
dollars. 

On  the  granting  of  every  extension  of  a  patent,  fifty  dol- 
lars. 

On  an  appeal  for  the  first  time  from  the  primary  exami- 
ners to  the  examiners-in-chief,  ten  dollars. 

On  every  appeal  from  the  examiners-in-chief  to  the  Com- 
missioner, twenty  dollars. 

For  certified  copies  of  patents  and  other  papers,  ten  cents 
per  hundred  words. 

For  recording  every  assignment,  agreement,  power  of  at- 
torney, or  other  paper,  of  three  hundred  words  or  under, 
one  dollar ;  of  over  three  hundred  and  under  one  thousand 
words,  two  dollars,  of  over  one  thousand  words,  three 
dollars. 

For  copies  of  drawings,  the  reasonable  cost  of  making 
them. 

SEC.  69.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  patent  fees  may 
be  paid  to  the  Commissioner,  or  to  the  treasurer,  or  any  of  the 
assistant  treasurers  of  the  United  States,  or  to  any  of  the 
designated  depositaries,  national  banks,  or  receivers  of  pub- 
lic money,  designated  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  for 
that  purpose,  who  shall  give  the  depositor  a  receipt  or  cer- 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870.  75 


tificate  of  deposit  therefor.  And  all  money  received  at  the 
Patent-Office,  for  any  purpose,  or  from  any  source  whatev- 
er, shall  be  paid  into  the  treasury  as  received,  without  any 
deduction  whatever ;  and  all  disbursements  for  said  office 
shall  be  made  by  the  disbursing  clerk  of  the  Interior  De- 
partment. 

MONEY    PAID   BY   MISTAKE   RETURNED. 

SEC.  70.  And  be  itfurtlier  enacted,  That  the  treasurer  of 
the  United  States  is  authorized  to  pay  back  any  sum  or  sums 
of  money  to  any  person  who  shall  have  paid  the  Fame  into  the 
treasury,  or  to  any  receiver  or  depositary,  to  tl;ii  credit  of 
the  treasurer,  as  for  fees  accruing  at  the  Patent-OIiice  through 
mistake,  certificate  thereof  being  made  to  said  treasurer 
by  the  Commissioners  of  Qatents. 

DESIGN    PATENTS. 

SEC.  71.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  any  person  who, 
by  his  own  industry,  genius,  efforts,  and  expense,  has  invent- 
ed or  produced  any  new  and  original  design  foe  a  manufac- 
ture, bust,  statue,  alto-relievo,  or  bas-relief;  any  new  and 
original  design  for  the  printing  of  woolen,  silk,  cotton,  or 
other  fabrics;  any  new  and  original  impression,  ornament, 
pattern,  print,  or  picture,  to  be  printed,  painted,  cast,  or 
otherwise  placed  on  or  worked  into  any  article  of  manufac- 
ture ;  or  any  new,  useful,  and  original  shape  or  configura- 
tion of  any  article  of  manufacture,  the  same  not  having  been 
known  or  used  by  others  before  his  invention  or  production 
thereof,  or  patented  or  described  in  any  printed  publica- 
tion, may,  upon  payment  of  the  duty  required  by  law,  and 
other  due  proceedings  had  the  same  as  in  cases  of  inven- 
tions or  discoveries,  obtain  a  patent  therefor. 

SEC.  72.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  Commis- 
sioner may  dispense  with  models  of  designs  when  the  de- 
sign can  be  sufficiently  represented  by  drawings  or  photo- 
graphs. 

SEC.  73.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  patents  for  de- 
signs may  be  granted  for  the  term  of  three  years  and  six 
months,  or  for  seven  years,  or  for  fourteen  years,  as  the  ap- 
plicant may,  in  his  application,  elect. 


76  PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870. 


SEC.  74  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  patentees  of  de- 
signs issued  prior  to  March  two,  eighteen  hundred  and 
sixty-one  shall  be  entitled  to  extension  of  their  respective 
patents  for  the  term  of  seven  years,  in  the  same  manner 
and  under  the  same  restrictions  as  are  provided  for  the  ex- 
tension of  patents  for  inventions  or  discoveries,  issued  prior 
to  the  second  day  of  March,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty- 
one. 

SEC.  75.  And  be  it  furtlier  enacted,  That  the  following 
shall  be  the  rates  of  fees  in  design  cases  : 

For  three  years  and  six  months,  ten  dollars. 

For  seven  years,  fifteen  dollars. 

For  fourteen  years,  thirty  dollars. 

For  all  other  cases  in  which  fees  are  required,  the  same 
rates  as  in  cases  of  inventions  or  discoveries. 

SEC.  76.  And^  be  it  furtfter  enacted,  That  all  the  regula- 
tions and  provisions  which  apply  to  the  obtaining  or  pro- 
tection of  patents  for  inventions  or  discoveries,  not  incon- 
sistent with  the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  apply  to  patents 
for  designs. 

TRADE-MARKS. 

Ssc.  77.  And  be  it  farther  enacted,  That  any  person  or 
firm  domiciled  in  the  United  States,  and  any  corporation 
created  by  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  or  of  any 
State  or  territory  thereof,  and  any  person,  firm,  or  corpo- 
ration resident  of  or  located  in  any  foreign  country  which 
by  treaty  or  convention  affords  similar  privileges  to  citizens 
of  the  United  States,  and  who  are  entitled  to  the  exclusive 
use  of  any  lawful  trade-mark,  or  who  intend  to  adopt  and  use 
any  trade-mark  for  exclusive  use  within  the  United  States, 
may  obtain  protection  for  such  lawful  trade-mark  by  com- 
plying with  the  following  requirements,  to  wit: 

First.  By  causing  to  be  recorded  in  the  Patent-Office  the 
names  of  the  parties  and  their  residences  and  place  of  busi 
ness,  who  desire  the  protection  of  the  trade-mark. 

Second.  The  class  of  merchandise  and  the  particular  de- 
scription of  goods  comprised  in  such  class,  by  which  the 
trade-mark  has  been  or  is  intended  to  be  appropriated. 

Third.  A  description  of  the  trade-mark  itself,  with  fac- 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870. 


similes  thereof,  and  the  mode  in  which  it  has  been  or  is  in- 
tended to  be  applied  or  used. 

Fourth.  The  length  of  time,  if  any,  during  which  the 
trade-mark  has  been  used. 

Fifth.  The  payment  of  a  fee  of  twenty-five  dollars,  in  the 
same  manner  and  for  the  same  purpose  as  the  fee  required 
for  patents. 

Sixth.  The  compliance  with  such  regulations  as  may  be 
prescribed  by  the  Commissioner  of  Patents. 

Seventh.  The  filing  of  a  declaration,  under  the  oath  of 
the  person,  or  of  some  member  of  the  firm  or  officer  of  the 
corporation,  to  the  effect  that  the  party  claiming  protection 
for  the  trade-mark  has  a  right  to  the  use  of  the  same,  and 
that  no  other  person,  firm,  or  corporation  has  the  right  to 
such  use,  either  in  the  identical  form  or  having  such  near 
resemblance  thereto  as  might  be  calculated  to  deceive,  and 
that  the  description  and  fac-similes  presented  for  record  are 
true  copies  of  the  trade-mark  sought  to  be  protected. 

DURATION    OF   TRADE-MARKS. 

SEC.  78.  And  be  it  further  enacted^  That  such  trade-mark 
shall  remain  in  force  for  thirty  years  from  the  date  of  such 
registration,  except  in  cases  where  such  trade-mark  is 
claimed  for  and  applied  to  articles  not  manufactured  in 
this  country  and  in  which  it  receives  protection  under  the 
laws  of  any  foreign  country  for  a  shorter  period,  in  which 
case  it  shall  cease  to  have  any  force  in  this  country  by  vir- 
tue of  this  act  at  the  same  time  that  it  becomes  of  no  effect 
elsewhere ;  and  during  the  period  that  it  remains  in  force  it 
shall  entitle  the  person,  firm,  or  corporation  registering  the 
same  to  the  exclusive  use  thereof  so  far  as  regards  the 
description  of  goods  to  which  it  is  appropriated  in  the 
statement  filed  under  oath  as  aforesaid,  and  no  other  per- 
son shall  lawfully  use  the  same  trade-nu.~k,  or  substantially 
the  same,  or  so  nearly  resembling  it  as  to  be  calculated  to 
deceive,  upon  substantially  the  same  description  of  goods : 
Provided,  That  six  months  prior  to  the  expiration  of  said 
term  of  thirty  years,  application  may  be  made  for  a  renewal 
of  such  registration,  under  regulations  to  be  prescribed  by 
the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  and  the  fee  for  such  renewal 


78          PATENT  LA.WS  OF  1870. 


shall  be  the  same  as  for  the  original  registration ;  certifi 
cate  of  such  renewal  shall  be  issued  in  the  same  manner  as 
for  the  original  registration,  and  such  trade-mark  shall  re- 
main in  force  for  a  further  term  of  thirty  years  :  And  pro- 
vided furtfier,  That  nothing  in  this  section  shall  be  con- 
strued by  any  court  as  abridging  or  in  any  manner  affecting 
unfavorably  the  claim  of  any  person,  firm,  corporation,  or 
company  to  any  trade-mark  after  the  expiration  of  the  term 
for  which  such  trade-mark  was  registered. 

DAMAGES   FOB   IMITATING   TRADE-MARKS. 

SEC.  79.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  any  person  or 
corporation  who  shall  reproduce,  counterfeit,  copy,  or  imi- 
tate any  such  recorded  trade-mark,  and  affix  the  same  to 
goods  of  substantially  the  same  descriptive  properties  and 
qualities  as  those  referred  to  in  the  registration,  shall  be  li- 
able to  an  action  in  the  case  for  damages  for  such  wrongful 
use  of  said  trade-mark,  at  the  suit  of  the  owner  thereof,  in 
any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction  in  the  United  States, 
and  the  party  aggrieved  shall  also  have  his  remedy  according 
to  the  course  of  equity  to  enjoin  the  wrongful  use  of  his 
trade-mark  and  to  recover  compensation  therefor  in  any 
court  having  jurisdiction  over  the  person  guilty  of  such 
wrongful  use.  The  Commissioner  of  Patents  shall  not  re- 
ceive and  record  any  proposed  trade-mark  which  is  not  and 
can  not  become  a  lawful  trade-mark,  or  which  is  merely  the 
name  of  a  person,  firm,  or  corporation  only,  unaccompanied 
by  a  mark  sufficient  to  distinguish  it  from  the  same  name 
when  used  by  other  persons,  or  which  is  identical  with  the 
trade-mark  appropriate  to  the  same  class  of  merchandise 
and  belonging  to  a  different  owner,  and  already  registered 
or  received  for  registration,  or  which  so  nearly  resembles 
such  last-mentioned  trade-mark  as  to  be  likely  to  deceive 
the  public:  Provided,  That  this  section  shall  not  prevent 
the  registry  of  any  lawful  trade-mark  rightfully  used  at  the 
time  of  the  passage  of  this  act. 

REGISTRATION    OF   TRADE-MARKS. 

SEC.  80.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  time  of  the 
receipt  of  any  trade-mark  at  the  Patent-Office  for  registra- 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870.  79 


tion  shall  be  noted  and  recorded,  and  copies  of  the  trade- 
mark and  of  the  date  of  the  receipt  thereof,  and  of  the  state- 
ment filed  therewith,  under  the  seal  of  the  Patent-Office, 
certified  by  the  Commissioner,  shall  be  evidence  in  any  suit 
in  which  such  trade-mark  shall  be  brought  in  controversy. 

TRANSFER   OF   TRADE-MARKS. 

SEC.  81.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  Commissioner 
of  Patents  is  authorized  to  make  rules,  regulations,  and  pre- 
scribe forms  for  the  transfer  of  the  right  to  the  use  of  such 
trade-marks,  conforming  as  nearly  as  practicable  to  the  re- 
quirements of  law  respecting  the  transfer  and  transmission 
of  copy-rights. 

FRAUDULENT  TRADE-MARKS. 

SEC.  82.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  any  person  who 
shall  procure  the  registry  of  any  trade-mark,  or  of  him- 
self as  the  owner  thereof,  or  an  entry  respecting  a  trade- 
mark in  the  Patent-Office  under  this  act,  by  making  any 
false  or  fraudulent  representations  or  declarations,  verbally 
or  in  writing,  or  by  any  fraudulent  means,  shall  be  liable  to 
pay  damages  in  consequence  of  any  such  registry  or  entry  to 
the  person  injured  thereby,  to  be  recovered  in  an  action  on 
the  case  before  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction  within 
the  United  States. 

SEC.  83.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  nothing  in  this 
act  shall  prevent,  lessen,  impeach,  or  avoid  any  remedy  at 
law  or  in  equity,  which  any  party  aggrieved  by  any  wrong- 
ful use  of  any  trade-mark  might  have  had  if  this  act  had 
not  been  passed. 

SEC.  84.  And  be  it  further  enacted^  That  no  action  shall 
be  maintained  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  by  any  per- 
son claiming  the  exclusive  right  to  any  trade-mark  which  is 
used  or  claimed  in  any  unlawful  business,  or  upon  any  ar- 
t  cle  which  is  injurious  in  itself,  or  upon  any  trade-mark 
which  has  been  fraudulently  obtained,  or  which  has  been 
formed  and  used  with  the  design  of  deceiving  the  public  in 
the  purchase  or  use  of  any  article  of  merchandise. 


80  PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870. 


REPEALING  CLAUSE  AND  SCHEDULE. 

SEC.  111.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  acts  and 
parts  of  acts  set  forth  in  the  schedule  of  acts  cited,  hereto 
annexed,  are  hereby  repealed,  without  reviving  any  acts  or 
parts  of  acts  repealed  by  any  of  said  acts,  or  by  any  clause 
or  provision  therein :  Provided,  however,  That  the  repeal 
hereby  enacted  shall  not  affect,  impair,  or  take  away  any 
right  existing  under  any  of  said  laws ;  but  all  actions  and 
causes  of  action,  both  in  law  and  in  equity,  which  have 
arisen  under  any  of  said  laws  may  be  commenced  and  pro- 
secuted ;  and,  if  already  commenced,  may  be  prosecuted  to 
final  judgment  and  execution,  in  the  same  manner  as  though 
this  act  had  not  been  passed,  excepting  that  the  remedial 
provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  applicable  to  all  suits  and 
proceedings  hereafter  commenced:  And  provided  also, 
That  all  applications  for  patents  pending  at  the  time  of  tho 
!  passage  of  this  act,  in  cases  where  the  duty  has  been  paid, 
shall  be  proceeded  with  and  acted  on  in  the  same  manner  as 
though  filed  after  the  passage  thereof :  And  provided  fur- 
ther, That  all  offenses  which  are  defined  and  punishable 
under  any  of  said  acts,  and  all  penalties  and  forfeitures 
created  thereby,  and  incurred  before  this  act  takes  effect, 
may  be  prosecuted,  sued  for,  and  recovered,  and  such  of- 
fenses punished  according  to  the  provisions  of  said  acts, 
which  are  continued  in  force  for  such  purpose. 

Schedule  of  statutes  cited  and  repealed,  as  printed  in  the  Sta- 
tutes at  Large,  including  such  portions  only  of  the  appro- 
priation bills  referred  to  as  are  applicable  to  th«  Patent- 


PATENTS. 

Act  of  July  4, 1836,  chapter  357,  volume  6,  page  117. 
March  3,  1837,  chapter  45,  volume  5,  page  191. 
March  3, 1839,  chapter  88,  volume  5,  page  353. 
August  29,  1842,  chapter  263,  volume  5,  page  548. 
August  6,  1846,  chapter  90,  volume  9,  page  59. 
May  27,  1848,  chapter  47,  volume  9,  page  231. 
March  3,  1849,  chapter  108,  volume  9,  page  395. 
March  3,  1851,  chapter  32,  volume  9,  page  617. 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1870. 


81 


August  30,  1852,  chapter  107,  volume  10,  page  75. 
August  31,  1852,  chapter  108,  volume  10,  page  76. 
March  3,  1853,  chapter  97,  volume  10,  page  209. 
April  22,  1854,  chapter  52,  volume  10,  page  276. 
March  3,  1855,  chapter  175,  volume  10,  page  643. 
August  18,  1856,  chapter  129,  volume  11,  page  81. 
March  3,  1859,  chapter  80,  volume  11,  page  410. 
February  18,  1861,  chapter  37,  volume  12,  page  130. 
March  2,  1861,  chapter  88,  volume  12,  page  246. 
March  3,  1863,  chapter  102,  volume  12,  page  796. 
June  25,  1864,  chapter  159,  volume  13,  page  194. 
March  3,  1865,  chapter  112,  volume  13,  page  533. 
June  27,  1866,  chapter  143,  volume  14,  page  76. 
March  29,  1867,  chapter  17,  volume  15,  page  10. 
July  20,  1868,  chapter  177,  volume  15,  page  119. 
July  23,  1868,  chapter  227,  volume  15,  page  168. 
March  3,  1869,  chapter  121,  volume  15,  page  293. 


OCEAN  waves  rise  from  20  to  22  feet  in  extreme  height, 
at  which  altitude  there  are  3  in  a  mile  and  4  per  minute. 


NEARLY  all  solids  become  luminous  at  800  degrees  of 
heat  F. 


MELTED  snow  produces  from  %  to  £  of  its  bulk  in  water. 
EFFECTS   OF   HEAT  UPON    BODIES. 


Cast-iron  melts 

Gold  " 

Copper          " 

Brass  " 

Silver  " 

Red  heat  visible  by  day,  . 

'     i  red  hot  in  twilight, . . 

Common  fire, 

Zinc  melts 

Iron,  bright  red  in  dark,. 
Mercury  boils 

Lead  melts 

Linseed  oil  boils 

Bismuth  melts 


Fahrenheit. 

..  2786 
....  2016 
1996 
1900 
1873 
1077 
884 
790 
773 
752 
630 
612 
600 


497 


Fahrenheit 

Deg. 
Cadmium  ........  »  .........  450 

Tin  melts  ................    442 

Tin    and    bismuth,    equal 

parts,  melts  ...........    283 

Tin  3  parts,  bismuth  5  parts, 

lead  2  parts,  melt  .......    212 

Sodium  ...................  190 

Alcohol  boils  ............    174 

Potassium  ................  136 

Ether         "    ............      98 

Human  blood,  (heat  of,).  .  .      98 
Strong  wines  freeze  .......      20 

Brandy  freezes  ...........        7 

Mercury  freezes  .........    —  39i 


82         PROPERTIES  OF  CHARCOAL. 


PROPERTIES  OF  CHARCOAL. 
ALTHOUGH  charcoal  is  so  combustible,  it  is,  in  some  re- 
spects a  very  unchangeable  substance,  resisting  the  action 
of  a  great  variety  of  other  substances  upon  it.     Hence  posts 
are  often  charred  before  being  put  into  the  ground.     Grain 
has  been  found  in  the  excavations  at  Herculaneum,  which  ; 
was  charred  at  the  time  of  the  destruction  of  that  city,  eight- 
een hundred  years  ago,  and  yet  the  shape  is  perfectly  pre- 
served, so  that  you  can  distinguish  between  the   different 
kinds  of  grain.     While  charcoal  is  itself  so  unchangeable, 
it  preserves  other  substances  from  change.    Hence  meat  and 
vegetables  are  packed  in  charcoal  for  long  voyages,  and  the 
water  is  kept  in   casks  which  are   charred  on  the  inside. 
Tainted  meat  can  be  made  sweet  by  being  covered  with  it. 
Foul  and  stagnant  water  can  be  deprived  of  its  bad  taste  by 
being  filtered  through  it.     Charcoal  is  a  great  decolorizer.  j 
Ale  and  porter  filtered  through  it  are  deprived  of  their  color,  j 
and  sugar-refiners  decolorize  their  brown  syrups  by  means  j 
of  charcoal,  and  thus  make  white  sugar.  Animal  charcoal,  I 
or  bone-black,  is  the  best  for  such  purposes,  although  only  | 
one-tenth  of  it  is  really  charcoal,  the  other  nine-tenths  being 
the  mineral  portion  of  the  bone. 

Charcoal  will  absorb,  of  some  gases,  from  eighty  to  ninety 
times  its  own  bulk.  As  every  point  of  its  surface  is  a  point 
of  attraction,  it  is  supposed  to  account  for  the  enormous  ac- 
cumulation of  gases  in  the  spaces  of  the  charcoal.  But  this  j 
accounts  for  it  only  in  part.  There  must  be  some  peculiar 
power  in  the  charcoal  to  change,  in  some  way,  the  condition 
of  a  gas  of  which  it  absorbs  ninety  times  its  own  bulk. — 

Hooker.  

SUBSTITUTE  FOR  THE  CRANK. 

VARIOUS  devices  supposed  to  have  advan- 
tages over  the  common  crank,  have  been  in-  j 
vented.  Our  diagram  shows  one  of  these 
forms,  which  has  been  re-invented  many  times, 
'iy  different  inventors.  A  grooved  wheel  is 
employed,  and  in  the  groove  are  two  slides,  at- 
tached respectively,  *  by  pivots,  to  the  connecting)  rod  of  a 
piston  rod.  The 'reciprocating  movement  of  the  piston  rod 
acting  ujvm  the  connecting  rod,  causes  the  rotation  of  the 
wheel. 


PRACTICAL    GEOMETRY. 


PRACTICAL    GEOMETRY, 

A  KNOWLEDGE  of  geometry,  both  practical  and  theoretical, 
is  of  importance  to  mechanics  and  inventors.  It  is  pro- 
motive  of  truth  and  patience  in  mental  habits,  and  leads  to 
the  exercise  of  nicety  and  exactness  in  the  execution  of 
mechanical  labors.  With  a  pair  of  dividers,  a  rule  and 
pencil,  any  person  may  speedily  acquire  a  considerable 
knowledge  of  practical  geometry.  We  subjoin  a  few  sim- 
ple and  generally  useful  problems  for  practice,  in  the  hope 
of  thus  interesting  some  of  our  readers  in  the  subject,  so 
that  they  will  continue  the  study.  Complete  works  on  geo- 
metry can  be  had  at  the  book-stores. 

Problem  1. — To  divide  a  line  into 
equal  parts. — To  draw  a  line  perpen- 
dicular to  another :  With  a  pair  of  di- 
viders from  the  extremities  of  the  line 
.  A  B  as  centres,  with  any  distance  ex- 
ceeding  the  point  where  the  line  is  to 
be  intersected,  describe  arcs  cutting 
each  other  as  m  n  ;  then  a  line  drawn 
through  m  n  will  divide  the  line  A  B 
equally,  and  will  also  be  perpendicular 
thereto. 


Problem  2. — To  find  the  side  of  a 
square  that  shall  be  any  number  of 
times   the   area  of  a   given   square : 
D    Let  A  B  C  D  be  the  given  square ; 
then  will  the  diagonal  B  D  be  the  side 
of  a  square  A  E  F  G,  double  in  area 
j       to  the  given  square  A  B  C  D  ;  the  di- 
j.1  x,    jj  A   agonal  B  D  is  equal  to  the  line  A  G  ^ 

if  the  diagonal  be  drawn  from  B  to  G,  it  will  be  the  side  of 
a  square  A  H  K  L,  three  times  the  area  of  the  square  A  B 
C  D  ;  the  diagonal  B  L  will  equal  the  size  of  a  square  four 
times  the  area  of  the  square  A  B  C  D,  etc. 


84 


PRACTICAL    GEOMETRY. 


Problem  3. — To  find  the  diameter 
of  a  circle  that  shall  be  any  number  1 
of  times  the  area  of  a  given  circle  : 
Let  A  B  C  D  be  the  given  circle; 
draw  the  two  diameters  A  B  and  C  D 
at  right  angles  to  each  other,  and  the 
cord  A  D  will  be  the  radius  of  the 
circle  o  P,  twice  the  area  of  the  given 
circle  nearly  ;  and  half  the  cord  will 
be  the  radius  of  a  circle  that  will  contain  half  the  area,  etc. 

Problem  4. — To  describe 
an  ellipsis,  the  transverse 
and  conjugate  diameters  be- 
ing given :  From  o,  as  a 
centre,  with  the  difference  ! 
of  the  transverse  and  con- 
jugate semi-diameters,  set 
off  o  c  and  o  d  ;  draw  the 

-^___^L— — -^  diagonal  c  c?,  and  continue 

the  line  o  c  to  fc,  by  the  addition  of  half  the  diagonal  c  d, 
then  will  the  distance  o  k  be  the  radius  of  the  centres  that 
will  describe  the  ellipsis ;  draw  the  lines  A  B,  C  D,  C  E, 
and  B  H,  cutting  the  semi-diameters  of  the  ellipsis  in  the 
centres  k  B  m  n  ;  then  with  the  radius  m  *,  and  with  A:, 
and  m  as  centres,  describe  the  arcs  D  H  and  A  E  ;  also, 
with  the  radius  n  r,  and  with  n  and  B  as  centres,  describe 
the  arcs  E  H  and  A  H,  and  the  figure  A  E  D  H  will  be  the 
ellipsis  required. 

THE  "  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN." — "  It  is  hardly  necessary 
for  us  to  speak  of  its  merits  to  those  who  are  thoroughly 
'  posted  up  in  the  improvements  of  the  age  ;  but  the  general 

•  reading  public  may  not  be  so  well  aware  that  it  contains  the 

•  finest  engravings  of  all  the  late  inventions — the  new  moni- 
'  tors,  army  and  navy  weapons,  vessels,  forts,  machinery  of 
!  all  kinds,  military  and  civil,  mechanical  and  agricultural — 
[  with  essays  from  the  most  distinguished  scholars  upon  prac- 


MECHANICAL    MOVEMENTS.  85  ! 

tical  philosophy,  chemistry,  and  engineering.  It  is  indis- 
pensable to  every  inventor.  It  is  useful  for  every  family  and 
housewife.  In  short,  it  is  the  best  scientific  and  mechanical 
journal  in  the  world,  and  we  cannot  see  how  any  chemist, 
architect,  engineer,  fanner,  or  mechanic  can  do  without  it. 
MUNN  &  Co.,  Publishers,  37  Park  Row,  New  York."—  Cass 
County  Republican. 

MECHANICAL  MOVEMENTS. 

IN  the  construction  of  models,  or  machinery,  the  skillful 
mechanic  and  inventor  will  study  to  avoid  clumsiness  in  the 
arrangement  of  parts,  and  will  naturally  take  pride  in  select- 
ing, as  far  as  possible,  the  simplest  and  best  forms  of  me- 
chanical movements. 

To  this  end,  we  have  thought  that  nothing  could  be  more 
suggestive  or  useful  than  a  comprehensive  exhibition  of 
many  of  the  best  mechanical  forms  already  known. 

After  much  labor  and  expense,  we  have  brought  together, 
condensed  and  engraved  expressly  for  this  work,  one  of  the 
most  extensive  series  of  mechanical  movements  ever  before 
published. 

Here  the  mechanic  may  find  at  a  glance  the  movement 
suited  for  his  purpose,  and  may  see  the  separate  parts  best 
adapted  to  any  special  combination  of  mechanism. 

As  these  engravings  are  not  readily  to  be  found  elsewhere, 
we  recommend  the  careful  preservation  of  this  book. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  MECHANICAL  MOVE- 
MENTS BY  NUMBERS. 

1.  Shaft  coupling.  2.  Claw  coupling.  3,4.  Lever  coup- 
lings. On  the  driving  shaft,  a  disk  with  spurs  is  mounted, 
and  to  the  shaft  to  be  driven  a  lever  is  hinged.  By  causing 
this  lever  to  catch  in  the  spurs  of  the  disk,  the  coupling  is 
effected.  5.  Knee  or  rose  coupling,  of  which  26  is  a  side 
view. 

6.  Universal  joint.  7,  8.  Disk  and  spur  coupling.  9. 
Prong  and  spur  lever  coupling. 

10.  Fast  and  loose  pulley.  11.  Sliding  gear,  the  journal 
boxes  of  one  of  the  wheels  being  moveable.  12.  Friction 
clutch.  By  tightening  or  releasing  a  steel  band,  encircling 
a  pulley  on  the  shaft,  the  machinery  is  thrown  in  or  out  of 


86  MECHANICAL    MOVEMENTS. 


gear.  13,  14.  Shoe  and  lever  brakes.  15,16.  Change  of 
motion  by  sheaves.  17.  Spiral  flanged  shaft.  18.  Con- 
nected with  the  rod  are  pawl  links,  catching  into  ratchet- 
teeth  in  the  wheel  to  which  rotary  motion  is  to  be  imparted. 
When  the  rod  moves  in  one  direction,  one  of  the  pawls  acts; 
and  when  the  rod  moves  in  the  opposite  direction,  the  other 
pawl  acts  in  the  same  direction  as  the  first.  19.  The  recip- 
rocating  motion  of  a  rod  is  converted  into  rotary  motion  of 
the  fly-wheel  by  a  weight  suspended  from  a  cord,  which 
passes  o  rer  a  small  pulley  that  connects  with  a  treadle,  from 
which  the  motion  is  transmitted  to  the  fly-wheel. 

20.  "Flying  horse,"  used  in  fairs  for  amusement.  By 
pulling  the  cords  radiating  from  the  crank,  the  persons  occu- 
pying the  seats  or  horses  on  the  ends  of  the  arms  are  enabled 
to  keep  the  apparatus  in  motion.  21,  22.  Bo\v  string  ar- 
rangements, to  connect  reciprocating  into  rotary  motion. 
23.  Same  purpose  by  differential  screw.  24.  The  same  by 
double  rack  and  wheels.  25.  Coupling  for  square  shafts. 
26.  Side  view  of  Fig.  5.  27.  Sliding  spur  pulley  coupling. 
28.  Lever  with  bearing  roller  to  tighten  pulley  bands.  29. 
Chain  wheel. 

30.    Reciprocating  rectilinear  into  reciprocating  rotary 
motion  by  two  racks  and  cog  wheel.     31.  Oblique  toothed 
wheels.     32.  Worm  and  worm  wheel.     33,  34.  Claw  coup-  j 
ling  with  hinged  lever.     35,  36.  Disk  couplings,  with  lugs  ' 
and  cavities.     37.  Disk  coupling  with  screw  bolts.     38,39, 
40.  Shaft  couplings. 

41.  Face  view  of  Fig.  12.     42.  Friction  cones.     43.  Fric- 
tion pullies.     44.  Self-releasing  coupling.     Disks  with  ob- 
lique teeth.     If  the  resistance  to  the  driven  shaft  increases 
j  beyond   a  certain  point,  the  disks  separate.     45.  Hoisting 
blocks.     46.  Elbow  crank,  for  changing  motion.     47.  Re-  j 
ciprocating  into  rotary  motion  by  zig-zag  groove  on  cylinder.  I 
48.  Another  form  of  Fig.  29.     49.  Reciprocating  into  a  ro- 
tary motion. 

50.  Same  purpose.  51.  Same  purpose,  by  double  rack 
and  two  ratchet  pinions.  When  the  double  rack  moves  in 
one  direction,  one  pinion  is  rigid  with  the  shaft ;  when  the 
rack  moves  in  the  opposite  direction,  the  other  pinion  is  rigid, 
and  a  continuous  rotary  motion  is  imparted  to  the  fly-wheel 
shaft.  52.  Reciprocating  into  oscillating.  53.  Rotary  into 


MECHANICAL    MOVEMENTS.  87 


reciprocating.  By  the  action  of  the  wheel  pins,  the  carriage 
is  moved  in  one  direction,  and  by  the  action  of  said  pins  on 
an  elbow-lever,  it  is  moved  in  the  opposite  direction.  54. 
!  Stamp  rod  and  lifting  cam.  55.  For  giving  reciprocating 
motion  to  rack.  56.  Same  motion  to  a  bar  with  slot,  by 
means  of  an  eccentric  pin  projecting  from  a  revolving  disk, 
and  catching  in  the  slot.  57.  Walking  beam  and  fly-wheel. 
58.  Reciprocating  motion  to  pump  or  other  rod  by  means 
of  eccentric  disk  and  friction  rollers.  See  81  and  104.  59. 
Hoisting  crane. 

60.  Friction  gears.     See  43.     61.  Eotary  into  reciproca-  j 
ting  by  rising  and  falling  pinion   acting  on   endless  rack. 
62.  By  the  revolving  cam,  a  rising  and  falling  or  a  recipro- 
cating rectilinear  motion  is  imparted  to  a  drum.     63.  Recip- 
rocating motion  to  a  frame  by  means  of  endless  rack  and 
pinion.     64.  Reciprocating  rectilinear  motion  to  a  toothed 
rack  by  a  toothed  segment  on  a  lever-arm,  which  is  subjected 
to  the  "action  of  a  weight,  and  of  an  eccentric  wrist-pin,  pro- 
jecting from  a  revolving  disk.     65.  Reciprocating  motion  to 
a  rod.     The  wheels  are  of  different  diameters,  and  conse- 
!  quently  the  rod  has  to  rise  and  fall  as  the  wheels  revolve. 
{  (See  110.)     66.  Cam  and  elbow  lever.     67.  Rod  recipro- 
j  cates  by  means  of  cam.     68.  Revolving  into  reciprocating 
|  motion,  by  an  endless  segmental  rack  and  pinion,  the  axle 
j  of  which  revolves  and  slides  in  a  slot  toward  and  from  the 
rack.     This  rack  is  secured  to  a  disk,  and  a  rope  round  said 
disk  extends  to  the  body  to  which  a  reciprocating  motion  is 
to  be  imparted.     69.  Elliptic  gears. 

70.  Bevel  gear.  71.  Worm  and  worm  wheel.  72.  Trans- 
mitting motion  from  one  axle  to  another,  with  three  dif- 
ferent velocities,  by  means  of  toothed  segments  of  unequal 
diameters.  73.  Continuous  revolving  into  reciprocating,  by 


|  a  cam-disk  acting  on  an  oscillating  lever. 
I  revolving  motion  to  a  shaft  with  two  pini 


j  nects  by  a  link  with  a  rod  to  which  a  rectilinear  motion  is 
imparted.  77.  Oscillating  lever  and  pawls,  which  gear  in 
the  ratchet-wheel.  78.  Common  treadle.  79.  Describing 
on  a  revolving  cylinder  a  spiral  line  of  a  certain  given  pitch 


J 


!  88  MECHANICAL    MOVEMENTS. 

which  depends  upon  the  comparative  sizes  of  the  pinion  and 

bevel-wheels. 

80.  Marking  a  spiral  line,  the  graver  moved  by  a  screw. 

81.  (See  Fig.  58.)  82.  Plunger  and  rods.  83.  Cross  head 
I  and  rods.  84.  Reciprocating  rod  guided  by  friction  rollers.  , 
'  85.  Revolving  into  reciprocating  motion,  by  means  of  roller-  i 

arms,  extending  from  a  revolving  shaft,  and  acting  on  lugs 

projecting  from  a  reciprocating  frame.     86.  Crank  motion.  : 

87.  Reciprocating  motion  by  toothed  wheel  and  spring  bar.  ! 

88.  The  shaft  carries  a  tapper,  which  catches  against  a  hook  i 
hinged  to  the  drum,  so  as  to  carry  said   drum  along  and  | 
raise  the  weight  on  the  rope.     When  the  tappet  lias  reached  i 
its  highest  position,  the  hook  strikes  a  pin,  the  hook  disen-  ' 
gages  from  the  tappet,  and  the  weight  drops.     89.  Recipro- 

|  eating  motion  to  a  rod  by  means  of  a  groove  in  an  oblique 

j  ring  secured  to  a  revolving  shaft. 

90.  Double  crank.     91.  Cam  groove  in  a  drum,  to  pro- 

I  duce   reciprocating  motion.     92.    Belts  and  pulleys.     93. 

!  Pulleys,  belts,  and  internal  gear.     94.  As  the  rod  moves  up 

'  and  down,  the  teeth  of  the  cog-wheel  come  in  contact  with 
a  pawl,  and  an  intermittent  rotary  motion  is  imparted  to 
said  wheel.  95.  By  turning  the  horizontal  axles  with  dif- 
ferent  velocities,  the  middle  wheel  is  caused  to  revolve  with 
the  mean  velocity.  96.  Oscillating  lever  and  cam  groove  in 

;  a  disk.     97.  Lazy  tongs.     98.  Oscillating  segment  and  belt 

'  over  pulleys.  99.  Converting  oscillating  into  a  reciproca-  ; 
ting  motion  by  a  cam-slot  in  the  end  of  the  oscillating  lever 
which  catches  over  a  pin  projecting  from  one  of  the  sides  of 
a  parallelogram  which  is  connected  to  the  rod  to  which  re- 
ciprocating motion  is  imparted. 

100.  Oscillating  motion  of  a  beam  into  rotary  motion. 
101 .  Motion  of  a  treadle  into  rotary  motion.  102.  Double- 
acting  beam.  103.  Single-acting  beam.  104.  (See  Figures 
58  and  81.)  105.  Device  to  steady  a  piston  by  a  slotted 
guide-piece,  operated  by  an  eccentric  on  the  driving-shaft. 
106.  Rod  operated  by  *wo  toothed  segments.  107.  Two 
cog-wheels  of  equal  diameter,  provided  with  a  crank  of  the 
same  length,  and  connected  by  links  with  a  cross-bar  to 
which  the  piston-rod-is  secured.  *  108.  Device  for  a  rectilin- 
ear motion  of  a  piston-rod  based  on  the  hypocyclodial  mo- 
tion of  a  pinion  in  a  stationary  wheel  with  internal  gear. 


MECHANICAL    MOVEMENTS.  89 


If  the  diameter  of  the  pinion  is  exactly  equal  to  one-half 
the  diameter  of  the  internal  gear,  the  hypocycloid  becomes 
a  right  line.  109.  Same  purpose  as  56. 

110.  Action  similar  to  65.  111.  Revolving  motion  by  a 
circular  sliding  pinion  gearing  in  an  elliptical  cog-wheel. 
112.  Similar  to  96.  113.  Carpenter's  clamp.  The  jaws 
turn  on  their  pivot-screws,  and  clamp  the  board.  114.  An 
irregular  vibratory  motion  is  given  to  the  arm  carrying  the 
wheel  A,  by  the  rotation  of  the  pinion  B.  115.  Intermit- 
tent rotary  motion  of  the  pinion-shaft,  by  the  continuous 
rotary  motion  of  the  large  wheel.  The  part  of  the  pinion 
shown  next  the  wheel  is  cut  on  the  same  curve  as  the  plain 
portion  of  the  circumference,  and,  therefore,  serves  as  a  lock 
whilst  the  wheel  makes  a  part  of  a  revolution,  and  until  the  | 
pin  upon  the  wheel  strikes  the  guide-piece  upon  tlie  pinion,  j 
when  the  pinion-shaft  commences  another  revolution.  116.  | 
Stop-motion  used  in  watches  to  limit  the  number  of  revolu- 
tions in  winding  up.  The  convex  curved  part,  a,  b,  of  the 
wheel  B,  serving  as  the  stop.  117.  Several  wheels,  by  con- 
necting rods,  driven  from  one  pulley.  118.  Intermittent 
circular  motion  is  imparted  to  the  toothed  wheel  by  vibrating 
the  arm  B.  When  the  arm,  B,  is  lifted,  the  pawl  is  raised 
from  between  the  teeth  of  the  wheel,  and  traveling  backward 
over  the  circumference  again,  drops  between  two  teeth  on 
lowering  the  arm,  and  draws  with  it  the  wheel.  119.  Re- 
ciprocating rectilinear  motion  is  given  to  the  bar  by  the  con- 
tinuous motion  of  the  cam.  The  cam  is  of  equal  diameter 
in  every  direction  measured  across  its  center. 

120.  Mechanism  for  revolving  the  cylinder  in  Colt's  fire- 
arms. When  the  hammer  is  drawn  back  the  dog,  a,  attached 
to  the  tumbler,  acts  on  the  ratchet,  b,  on  the  back  of  the 
cylinder,  and  is  held  up  to  the  ratchet  by  a  spring,  c.  121. 
Alternate  increasing  and  diminishing  motion,  by  means  of 
eccentric  toothed  wheel  and  toothed  cylinder.  122.  Oscilla- 
ting or  pendulum  engine.  The  cylinder  swings  between 
trunnions  like  a  pendulum.  The  piston-rod  connects  direct- 
ly with  crank.  123.  Intermittent  rotary  motion.  The 
small  wheel  is  driven,  and  the  friction  rollers  on  its  studs 
move  the  larger  wheel  by  working  against  the  faces  of  ob- 
lique grooves  or  projections  across  the  face  thereof.  124. 
Longitudinal  and  rotary  motion  of  the  rod  is  produced  by 


90  MECHANICAL    MOVEMENTS. 


its  arrangement  between  two  rotating  rollers,  the  axles  of 
which  ai-e  oblique  to  each  other.  125.  Friction  indicator  of 
Roberts.  Upon  the  periphery  of  the  belt-pulley  a  loaded 
carnage  is  placed,  its  tongue  connected  with  an  indicator. 
With  a  given  load  the  indicating  pointer  remains  in  a  given 
position,  no  matter  what  velocity  is  imparted  to  the  pulley,  i 
When  the  load  is  changed  the  indicator  changes,  thus  prov- 
ing that  the  friction  of  wheels  is  in  proportion  to  load,  not 
velocity.  1 26.  Circular  intermittent  rectilinear  reciprocating 
motion.  Used  on  sewing-machines  for  driving  the  shuttle ; 
also  on  three-revolution  cylinder  printing-presses.  127.  Con- 
tinuous circular  into  intermittent  circular  motion.  The  cam 
is  the  driver.  128.  Sewing-machine,  four-motion  feed.  The! 
bar,  B,  carries  the  feeding-points  or  spurs,  and  is  pivoted  to  I 
slide,  A.  B  is  lifted  by  a  radial  projection  on  cam  C,  j 
which  at  the  same  time  also  carries  A  and  B  forward.  A 
spring  produces  the  return  stroke,  and  the  bar  B,  drops  by 
!  gravity.  129.  Patent  crank  motion,  to  obviate  dead  centers. 
Pressure  on  the  treadle  moves  the  slotted  slide,  A,  forward 
until  the  wrist  passes  the  center,  when  the  spring,  B,  forces 
the  slide  against  the  stops  until  next  forward  movement. 

130.  Four- way  cock.  131.  One  stroke  of  the  piston  gives 
a  complete  revolution  to  the  crank.  132.  Rectilinear  motion 
of  variable  velocity,  is  given  to  the  vertical  bar  by  rotation 
of  the  shaft  of  the  curved  arm.  133.  Pantagraph  for  copy- 
ing, enlarging,  and  reducing  plans,  etc.  C,  fixed  point.  B, 
ivory  tracing  point.  A,  pencil  trace,  the  lines  to  be  copied 
with,  and  B,  the  pencil,  will  re-produce  it  double  size.  Shift 
the  slide  to  which  C  is  attached,  also  the  pencil  slide,  and 
size  of  the  copy  will  be  varied.  134.  Ball  and  socket  joint 
for  tubing.  135.  Numerical  registering  device.  The  teeth 
!  of  the  worm  shaft  gear  with  a  pair  of  worm-wheels  of  equal 
j  diameter,  one  having  one  tooth  more  than  the  other.  If  the 
!  first  wheel  has  100  teeth  and  the  second  101,  the  pointers 
I  will  indicate  respectively  101  and  10.100  revolutions.  13G 
!  Montgolfier's  hydraulic 'ram.  The  right  hand  valve  being 
i  kept  open  by  a  weight  or  spring,  the  current  flowing  through 
i  the  pipe  in  the  direction  of  the  arrow,  escapes  thereby. 
:  When  the  pressure  of  the  water  current  overcomes  the  weight 
of  the  right  valve,  the  momentum  of  the  water  opens  the 
other  valve,  and  the  water  passes  into  the  air-chamber.  On 


MECHANICAL    MOVEMENTS.  91 

equilibrium  taking  place,  the  left  valve  shuts  and  the  right 
valve  opens.  By  this  alternate  action  of  the  valves,  water 
is  raised  into  the  air-chamber  at  every  stroke.  137.  Rotary 
engine.  Shaft,  B,  and  hub,  C,  are  arranged  eccentric  to  the 
case.  Sliding  radial  pistons,  a,  a,  move  in  and  out  of  hub, 
C.  The  pistons  slide  through  rolling  packings  in  the  hub, 
C.  138.  Quadrant  engine.  Two  single-acting  pistons,  B, 
B,  connect  with  crank,  D.  Steam  is  admitted  to  acton  the 
outer  sides  of  the  pistons  alternately  through  valve  a,  and 
the  exhaust  is  between  the  pistons.  139.  Circular  into  rec- 
tilinear motion.  The  scolloped  wheel  communicates  motion 
to  the  horizontal  oscillating  rod,  and  imparts  rectilinear 
movement  to  the  upright  bar.  140.  Rotary  motion  trans- 
mitted by  rolling  contact  between  two  obliquely  arranged 
shafts. 

MTJLTUM  IN  PABVO. 

We  have  some  queer  correspondents :  One  writes  to  know 
if  we  will  not  be  so  good  as  to  send  a  messenger  to  an  ad- 
dress which  he  gives,  up  town — distance  two  and  a  half 
miles  from  our  office — to  make  certain  inquiries  for  him.  It 
would  require  one  and  a  half  hours  time  to  do  the  errand, 
and  not  a  stamp  inclosed.  Another  wants  us  to  write  a  let- 
ter and  tell  him  where  to  get  a  combined  thermometer  and 
barometer.  Another,  "  will  you  be  good  enough  to  give  me 
the  names  and  addresses  of  several  of  the  makers  of  the  best 
brick  machines;"  another  wants  water  wheels;  another 
threshing  machines;  each  writer  desires  our  written  opinion 
as  to  which  is  the  best  device,  with  our  reasons,  and  not  one 
is  thoughtful  enough  to  inclose  a  fee,  or  reflect  that  to  an- 
swer his  request  will  consume  considerable  of  our  time.  An- 
other party  wishes  us  to  write  to  him  the  recipe  for  making 
ornaments  out  of  coal  tar,  where  he  can  buy  the  mixture 
ready  for  use,  and  how  much  chequer-men  will  sell  for  in  the 
New  York  market.  For  this  information  he  sends  us  the 
generous  sum  of  three  cents  in  postage  stamps.  Mr.  C.  wants 
us  to  tell  him  of  some  valuable  invention,  of  which  he  can 
buy  the  patent  cheap,  that  would  be  suitable  for  him  to  take 
to  sell,  on  his  travels  out  West,  by  towns,  counties,  etc.,  three 
cents  inclosed.  Others  want  us  to  put  them  in  communica- 
tion with  some  person  who  will  purchase  an  interest  in  their 
inventions,  or  manufacture  for  them,  or  furnish  this  or  that 
personal  information,  our  reply  to  be  printed  in  the  Scientific 
American.  We  are  at  all  times  happy  to  serve  our  corre- 
spondents, but  if  replies  to  purely  personal  errands  are  expect- 
ed, a  small  fee,  say  from  one  to  five  dollars,  should  be  sent. 


92 


MECHANICAL    MOVEMENTS. 


I 


MECHANICAL   MOVEMENTS.  93 


3f  jj^a  32 


94  MECHANICAL   MOVEMENTS. 


MECHANICAL   MOVEMENTS.  95 


j  96  MECHANICAL    MOVEMENTS. 


J& r— • r  "* 


Ofel 


135      (\ 


WILL    IT    PAY?  97 

WILL  IT  PAY? 

On  page  5,  readers  are  informed  that  we  are  always  happy 
i  to  give  them  our  opinion  as  to  the  novelty  of  their  inven- 
'  tions,  without  charge.  But  some  persons,  when  they  send 
for  such  information,  add  many  other  inquiries,  difficult  to 
i  answer,  and  not  included  in  our  gratuitous  invitation ;  as  for 


j  example :  "  What  is  it  worth  ?  Who  will  buy  ?  Will  it 
!  pay  ?  Does  it  infringe  ?  Does  it  conflict  with  B's  patent  ? 
j  If  you  will  guarantee  that  it  does  not  infringe,  I  will  apply 


for  a  patent,"  etc. 

It  is  impossible  for  us  to  answer  all  of  these  questions 
satisfactorily,  but  in  special  cases  we  might  write  out  a  reply 
if  a  fee  were  sent  to  compensate  for  our  time.  The  follow- 
ing hints,  however,  may  prove  useful  as  a  sort  of  general 
answer. 

"  What  is  it  worth  ?  Who  will  buy  ?"  If  a  patent  is  re- 
fused, and  cannot  be  obtained,  the  device  is  Avorth  nothing, 
and  no  one  will  buy.  Therefore  the  first  thing  to  be  consid- 
ered, the  first  step  to  be  taken,  is  to  obtain  the  Patent.  Do 
not  count  your  chickens,  nor  anxiously  seek  a  market  for 
them,  nor  ask  anybody  to  guarantee  or  insure  their  lives, 
before  they  are  hatched. 

"  Will  it  pay  1"  As  a  general  rule,  every  patentable  im- 
provement will  more  than  repay  the  small  cost  of  taking  out 
the  patent.  The  sale  of  a  single  machine,  or  of  a  single 
right  of  use,  will  often  bring  back  more  than  the  whole  out- 
lay for  the  patent.  The  extent  of  profit  frequently  depends 
.  upon  the  business  capacity  of  the  inventor,  or  his  agent. 
[  One  man  will  make  a  fortune  from  an  unpromising  improve- 
!  ment,  while  another,  possessing  a  brilliant  invention,  will 
!  realize  little  or  nothing,  owing  to  idleness  and  incompetence. 
j  [See  remarks,  page  42.] 

" Does  it  infringe?"     To  answer  this  in  each  individual 
j  case,  requires  the  special  search  mentioned  at  page  16.     In- 
|  fringement  consists  in  the  use,  sale,  or  manufacture  of  the 
i  thing  patented.     It  is   not  an  infringement  to  take  out  or 
I  hold  a  patent  for  an  improvement  upon  any  other  patent. 
i  It  is  not  an   infringement  to  sell  rights  under  any  patent, 
i  whether  town,  county  or  state  rights,  or  licenses.     The  ac- 
tual manufacture,  sale,  or  use  of  an  article  may  infringe ; 
but  the  sale  or  purchase  of  patent  rights  is  not  infringement. 


98 


WILL    IT    PAY? 


All  good  improvements  are  worth  patenting,  even  if  their 
use  infringes  a  prior  patent.  Many  an  infringing  device  is 
worth  more  than  the  patent  with  which  it  conflicts.  Patent- 
ees of  conflicting  inventions  can  usually  make  satisfactory 
arrangements  with  the  owners  of  the  prior  patents ;  it  is  ob- 
viously to  the  interest  of  prior  patentees  to  have  their  patents 
used  as  extensively  as  possible.  The  princely  revenue  of 
Howe,  the  inventor  of  the  sewing  machine,  said  to  be  five 
hundred  thousand  dollars  annually,  is  derived  from  infring- 
ing patentees,  who  payliim  a  small  royalty  on  each  machine. 
The  net  profits  divided  among  the  owners  of  one  of  these 
infringing  patents, — the  celebrated  Wheeler  and  Wilson — is 
reported  to  be  more  than  one  million  dollars  a  year.  We 
might  give  hundreds  of  analogous  examples. 

SUBSTITUTE  FOlfBKLTB  AND  GEARS. 

The  object  of  this  device  is  to  transmit  motion  from  one 
shaft  to  another,  without  the  use  of  belt  or  gear  wheels,  both 
of  which  are  in  some  instances  objectionable. 


Continuous  rotary  motion  of  the  pulley  shaft,  is  imnarted 
to  the  secondary  shaft  through  the  connecting  rods 


STEAM  PRESSURE  AND  TEMPERATURE. 

Pressure  |  Correspond'g 
in  Ibs.  i  Temperature, 
prsq.in.     Fahrenheit. 

Pressure 
in  Ibs. 
persq.in. 

Correspond'^     Pressure     Correspond'g 
Temperature.       in  Ibs.     Temperature, 
Fahrenheit.      persq.in.     Fahrenheit. 

10 

192.4 

65 

301.3             140 

&57.9 

15 

212.8 

70 

306.4         !    150 

363.4 

20 

228.5 

75 

311.2         j     160 

3S8.7 

25 

241.0 

80 

315.8 

i     170 

373.6 

30 

251.6 

85 

320.1 

180 

378.4 

as 

260.9 

90 

324.3 

I    193 

3S2.9 

40 

269.1 

95 

32S.2 

209 

387.3 

45 

276.4 

100 

&32.0 

210 

50 

283.2 

110 

339.2 

1    220 

395:5 

55 

289.3 

120 

345.8 

'    23) 

399.4 

60 

295.6 

130 

352.1 

i     240 

403.1 

[THIRD    EDITION.] 

THE    VALUE    OF    BRAINS. 


THE    VALUE    OF    BRAINS. 

WORKING  as  an  ordinary  hand  in  a  Philadelphia  ship-yard, 
until  within  a  few  years,  was  a  man  named  John  L.  Knowl- 
'  ton.  His  peculiarity  was,  that  while  others  of  his  class  were 
at  the  ale-houses,  or  indulging  in  jollification,  he  was  inces- 
santly engaged  in  studying  upon  mechanical  combinations. 
One  of  his  companions  secured  a  poodle-dog,  and  spent  six 
months  in  teaching  the  quadruped  to  execute  a  jig  upon  his 
hind-legs.  Knowlton  spent  the  same  period  in  discovering 
some  method  by  which  he  could  saw  out  ship  timber  in  a 
beveled  form. 

The  first  man  taught  his  dog  to  dance.  Knowlton,  in  the 
same^time,  discovered  a  mechanical  combination  that  enabled 
him  to  do  in  two  hours  the  work  that  would  occupy  a  dozen 
men,  by  slow  and  laborious  processes,  an  entire  day.  That 
saw  is  now  in  use  in  all  the  ship-yards  of  the  country.  It 
cuts  a  beam  to  a  curved  shape  as  quickly  as  an  ordinary 
saw-mill  saw  rips  up  a  straight  plank. 

Knowlton  continued  his  experiments.  He  took  no  part  in 
parades  or  target-shootings,  and  in  a  short  time  afterward  he 
secured  a  patent  for  a  machine  that  turns  any  material  what- 
ever into  a  perfectly  spherical  form.  He  sold  a  portion  of  his 
patent  for  a  sum  that  is  equivalent  to  a  fortune.  The 
machine  was  used  in  cleaning  off  cannon-balls  for  the  gov- 
ernment. 

When  the  ball  comes  from  the  mould,  the  surface  is  incrust- 
ed,  and  the  ordinary  process  of  smoothing  it  was  slow  and 
wearisome.  This  machine  almost  in  an  instant,  and  with 
mathematical  accuracy,  peels  it  to  the  surface  of  the  metal, 
at  the  same  time  smoothing  out  any  deviations  from  the  per- 
fect spheroidal  form. 

The  same  unassuming  man  has  invented  a  boring-machine, 
that  was  tested  in  the  presence  of  a  number  of  scientific  gen- 
tlemen. It  bored  at  the  rate  of  twenty-two  inches  an  hour, 
through  a  block  of  granite,  with  a  pressure  of  but  three  hun- 
dred pounds  upon  the  drill.  A  gentleman  present  offered 
him  ten  thousand  dollars  upon  the  spot  for  a  part  interest  in 
the  invention,  in  Europe,  and  the  offer  was  then  accepted. 

The  moral  of  all  this  is,  that  people  who  keep  on  studying 


100  ENGRAVINGS    AND   ADVERTISING. 


are  sure  to  achieve  something.  Mr.  Knowlton  doesn't  con-  j 
sider  himself  by  any  means  brilliant ;  but  if  once  inspired  ! 
with  an  idea,  he  pursues  it  until  he  forces  it  into  tangible  ' 
shape.  If  every  body  would  follow  copy,  the  world  would  • 
be  less  filled  with  idlers,  and  the  streets  with  grumblers  and 
malcontents. 


ENGRAVINGS    AND    ADVEBTISING. 

EXPERIENCE  shows  that  the  illustration  of  inventions  by 
engravings  is  one  of  the  best  means  ever  devised  for  the 
introduction  of  inventions  and  the  sale  of  patents.  As  a 
means  for  the  circulation  of  such  illustrations,  nothing  can 
compare  in  value  with  the  Scientific  American.  Every  en- 
graving published  therein  goes  before  probably  not  less  than 
one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  persons. 

All  good  business  men,  before  spending  their  money  upon 
advertising,  are  in  the  habit  of  inquiring  about  the  charac- 
ter and  extent  of  circulation  enjoyed  by  the  journal  that  so- 
licits their  patronage.  In  this  respect  the  publishers  of  the 
Scientific  American  challenge  the  closest  scrutiny  ;  the  facts 
will  show  that  their  terms  are  much  lower  than  those  of  any 
other  journal  of  the  same  class  in  proportion  to  the  extent 
of  circulation. 

Parties  who  desire  to  have  their  machines  illustrated  can 
address  the  undersigned,  who  are  also  prepared  to  send  ar- 
tists to  make  sketches  of  manufacturing  establishments,  with 
a  view  to  their  publication  in  the  Scientific  American. 
MUNX  &  CO, 
37  Park  Row,  New-York. 


SOAP-BUBBLES. 


FEW  things  amuse  children  more  than  blowing  bubble?. 
Dissolve  a  quarter  of  an  ounce  of  Castile  or  oil  soap,  cut  up 
in  small  pieces,  in  three  quarters  of  a  pint  of  water,  and  : 
I  boil  it  for  two  or  three  minutes ;  then  add  five  ounces  of  I 
i  glycerine.  When  cold,  this  fluid  will  produce  the  best  and  , 
:  most  lasting  bubbles  that  can  be  blown. 


GOING   TO   WASHINGTON   IN   PERSON.       101 


TO    WASHINGTON    IN    PEKSON. 

SOME  inventors  suppose,  very 
naturally,  that  if  personally  pre- 
sent in  Washington,  they  can  get 
their  cases  through  more  expe- 
ditiously,  or  command  other  im- 
portant facilities.  But  this  is  not 
so.  The  journey  to  Washington 
is  usually  a  mere  waste  of  time 
and  money.  A  good  agent  must 
ho  employed  after  the  inventor 
gets  there.  No  inventor  can  pos- 
sibly have  facilities  or  influence 
superior  to  our  own  ;  more  than 
ONE  THIRD  of  the  entire  business  of  the  Patent  Office  passes 
through  our  hands  ;  and  we  have  an  office  in  Washington, 
charged  with  the  especial  duty  of  watching  over  and  press- 
ing forward  the  interests  of  our  clients. 

The  Patent  Office  does  not  prepare  patent  papers,  or  make 
models.  These  must  be  provided  by  the  applicant  or  his 
attorney,  according  to  law,  otherwise  his  claim  will  not  be 
considered. 

The  law  especially  requires  that  all  documents  deposited 
in  the  Patent  Office  shall  be  correctly,  legibly,  and  clearly 
written,  and  that  the  drawings  shall  "be  of  a  specified  size, 
and  executed  in  an  artistic  manner. 

Persons  who  visit  Washington  in  person,  can  have  all 
their  patent  business  promptly  attended  to,  by  calling  at 
MUNN  &  Co.'s  BRANCH  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN  OFFICE,  corner 
of  7th  and  F  streets,  opposite  the  Patent  Office. 


COPIES    OF    PATENTS,    CLAIMS,    ETC. 

WE  furnish  full  copies  of  specifications  or  drawings  of 
any  existing  patent,  or  open  rejected  case,  official  letter, 
assignment,  etc.,  etc.  The  expense  is  very  moderate.  For 
$1  we  can  send  a  copy  of  the  claims  only,  of  any  existing 
patent,  provided  the  date  or  number  of  the  patent  is  given. 
But  when  we  have  to  search  up  the  patent,  date  or  number 
not  being  given,  the  charge  is  increased. 


102  THE   LAW    OF   INFRINGEMENT. 


INFRINGEMENTS. 

THE  general  rule  of  law  is, 
that  the  prior  patentee  is  en- 
titled to  a  broad  interpretation 
of  his  claims.  The  scope  of 
any  patent  is  therefore  govern- 
ed by  the  inventions  of  prior 
date.  To  determine  whether 
the  use  of  a  patent  is  an  infringement  of  another,  generally 
requires  a  most  careful  study  of  all  analogous  prior  patents 
and  rejected  applications.  An  opinion  based  upon  such 
study  requires  for  its  preparation  much  time  and  labor. 

Having  access  to  all  the  patents,  models,  public  records, 
drawings,  and  other  documents  pertaining  to  the  Patent 
Office,  we  are  prepared  to  make  examinations,  and  give 
opinions  upon  all  infringement  questions,  advice  as  to  the 
scope  and  ground  covered  by  patents,  and  direct  with  vigor 
any  legal  proceedings  therewith  connected.  Address,  Muxx 
&  Co.,  37  Park  Row,  N.  Y. 

The  expense  of  these  examinations,  with  written  opinion, 
varies  from  $25  to  8100  or  more,  according  to  the  labor  in- 
volved. See  page  94. 


To  the  Editors  of  The  Scientific  American : 

Let  me  encourage  you,  gentlemen,  in  your  great  enter- 
prise. Perhaps  we  need  light  and  elegant  literature ;  we 
may  even  need  "  chess  columns  ;"  but  let  THE  SCIENTIFIC 
AMERICAN  continue  to  teach  the  people  how  to  realize  Dean 
Swift's  prayer — "  Make  two  blades  of  grass  grow  on  the  spot 
where  only  one  grew  before."  Let  it  still  increase  the  me- 
chanical and  agricultural  knowledge  of  our  artisans  and  far- 
mers, by  publishing  the  latest  discoveries  in  science  and 
improvements  in  the  arts.  And  then  its  editors  will  have 
the  noblest  reward — that  of  being  considered  the  guard- 
ian angels  of  genius,  the  champions  of  inventors,  and  the 
"  prime  motors"  employed  in  developing  the  highest  phy- 
sical and  intellectual  resources  of  this  great  country. 

Camden,  Ark.  W.  A.  SHAW,  M.D. 


QUICK    APPLICATIONS.  103 


QUICK  APPLICATIONS. 

WHEN,  from  any  rea- 
son, parties  are  desirous 
of  applying  for  a  Patent 
or  filing  a  Caveat  in 
great  haste,  without  a 
moment's  loss  of  time, 
they  have  only  to  write 
or  telegraph  to  us,  and 
we  will  make  special  ex- 
ertions. In  many  cases, 
we  can  prepare  the  pa- 
pers at  an  hour's  notice. 
But  our  correspond- 
ents must  remember  that 
we  can  not  send  them  blank  papers  for  signature  and  oath, 
as  this  is  forbidden  by  the  Commissioner  of  Patents. 

All  persons  without  any  distinction  as  to  nationality  can 
take  American  Patents  on  the  same  terms  as  citizens. 

Caveats  can  only  be  filed  by  citizens  and  those  who  have 
resided  in  this  country  a  year  and  declared  their  intentions 
to  become  citizens.  Foreigners  can  not  file  Caveats. 


THE  INVENTOR  MUST  APPLY  FOR  THE 
PATENT. 

IT  is  necessary,  in  all  cases,  that  an  application  for  a  pa- 
tent should  be  made  in  the  name  of  the  inventor,  and  the 
petition  and  specification  must  be  signed  by  him.  An  in- 
ventor may  appoint  an  attorney,  or  may  sell  and  assign  all 
his  interest  in  an  invention  ;  still  the  patent  papers,  on  mak- 
ing the  application,  must  be  signed  and  sworn  by  the  in- 
ventor; otherwise  they  will  not  be  received  by  the  Com- 
missioner of  Patents. 


REMEMBER  that  self-interest  is  more  likely  to  warp  your 
judgment  than  all  other  circumstances  combined;  therefore, 
look  well  to  your  duty  when  your  interest  is  concerned. 


104  USEFUL    HINTS  TO    INQUIRERS. 


A    WORD    TO    INQUIRERS. 

WE  frequently  receive  letters  containing 
long  strings  of  trifling  questions,  relative  to 
all  sorts  of  things,  without  any  fee  to  pay 
us  for  our  time  in  obtaining  the  information", 
nor  even  stamps  for  postage  or  stationery. 
Many  of  these  correspondents  close  their 
BUT "*  letters  with  tne  comforting  assurance  that 
ft  ^HsT^  "  ^  wou^  remit  for  your  trouble,  but  do 
•^  -  not  know  how  much  to  send."  To  relieve 
the  consciences  of  all  such  doubters,  we 
would  recommend  them  to  send  a  dollar  or  more,  according 
to  the  value  to  them  of  the  desired  information.  If  the 
latter  is  of  no  value,  they  ought  not  to  trouble  us  with  their 
fly-tracks. 

To  certain  other  classes  of  inquirers  the  following  hints 
may  be  useful :  The  best  washing-machines,  the  best  straw- 
cutters,  the  best  churns,  the  best  brick-machines,  the  best 
engines,  the  best  sewing-machines,  the  best  of  every  thing 
in  the  mechanical  line,  is  advertised  and  illustrated  in  THE 
SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN,  and  the  address  of  the  parties  having 
such  things  on  sale  is  there  given.  Write  directly  to  them 
for  the  information  you  want,  and  spare  us.  If  you  cannot 
at  first  find  what  you  desire,  read  the  back  numbers  of 
THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN.  Do  not  expect  us  to  do  the 
work  for  you  unless  you  send  a  small  remittance. 


To  find  the  area  of  an  ellipsis,  multiply  the  long  diam- 
eter by  the  short  diameter  and  by  .7854 ;  the  product  will 
be  the  area. 

Never  relate  your  misfortunes,  and  never  grieve  over  what 
you  cannot  prevent. 

To  find  the  area  of  a  circle,  multiply  the  square  of  the 
diameter  by  the  decimal  .7854.  Or  multiply  the  circum- 
ference by  the  radius,  and  divide  the  product  by  2. 


WHERE   TO    GO    FOR    PATENTS. 


105 


[From  The  Scientific  American.] 
BELATING    TO    PATENTS. 

T  may  be  well  for  parties 
who  are  interested  in  new 
inventions  to  remember  that 
our  firm  of  Munn  &  Co.  have 
taken  out  far  more  patents, 
and  have,  therefore,  had 
much  greater  experience  in 
the  profession,  than  any  other 
agency  in  the  world.  Those 
who  confide  their  business  to 
us  may  therefore  rely  upon 
having  it  done  in  the  best 
nanner  on  the  most  mod- 
erate terms. 

In  addition  to  these  advantages,  we  make  it  a  general  rule 
to  assist  the  interest  of  our  clients  by  giving  publicity  in 
the  form  of  editorial  notices,  of  all  the  new  and  meritorious 
inventions  that  are  patented  through  our  agency.  The  fact 
that  we  have  carefully  studied  these  improvements  during 
I  the  process  of  preparing  the  patent  papers,  enables  us  to 
speak  knowingly  in  regard  to  their  best  features.  The  pub- 
licity thus  given  to  inventions,  owing  to  the  immense  cir- 
culation of  THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN  among  intelligent 
readers,  is  often  of  the  utmost  benefit  to  patentees.  In 
some  cases  it  has  engaged  the  active  cooperation  of  enter- 
prising capitalists  and  manufacturers,  in  patents  which  other- 
wise would  have  remained  dead,  and  has  resulted  in  the 
most  important  pecuniary  advantages  to  inventors  and  pa- 
tentees, as  hundreds  of  them  are  ready  to  testify ;  although 
the  sum  total  of  our  charges  for  preparing  their  patent  pa- 
pers has  rarely  exceeded  the  small  amount  of  twenty-five 
dollars.  Whatever  carping,  jealous,  or  envious  persons,  or 
little  agents,  may  say  to  the  contrary,  we  are  justified  in 
affirming  that  all  who  really  wish  to  promote  their  own  in- 
terests will  do  well  to  employ  THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN 
PATENT  AGENCY. 


106 


MINERAL    CONSTITUENTS. 


MINERAL  CONSTITUENTS  ABSORBED  OR 
REMOVED  FROM  AN  ACRE  OF  SOIL  BY 
THE  FOLLOWING  CROPS. 


Potassa 

Soda 

Lime 

Magnesia  ; 

Oxide  of  Iron... 
Phosphoric  Acid. 
Sulphuric  Acid.. 

Chlorine ; 

Silica 

Alumina ; 

Total . . . 


210.00 


SOUND 

Is  the  effect  produced  upon  the  ear  when  air  is  set  in  motion 
within  certain  limits  of  rapidity.  Audible  sound  begins  when 
about  thirty-two  vibrations  per  second  are  made,  and  ceases 
when  about  8000  vibrations  per  second  are  reached. 

The  number  of  vibrations  corresponding  with  the  middle 
C  of  a  musical  instrument  is  522  per  second.  An  octave 
below,  half  the  number ;  an  octave  above,  twice  the  number. 

Sound  travels  at  the  rate  of  1100  feet  per  second  in  a  still 
atmosphere.  The  distance  in  feet  between  an  observer  and 
the  point  where  a  stroke  of  lightning  falls,  may  be  known  by 
multiplying  1100  by  the  number  of  seconds  that  elapse  after 
the  flash  is  seen  until  the  sound  is  heard. 


A  MESSIEURS  LES  INVENTEUHS  FRANCAIS. 
LES  inventeurs  francais  non  familiers  avec  la  langue  an- 
glaise  et  qui  prefereraient  nous  communiquer  leurs  inven- 
tions en  fran^ais,  peuvent  nous  addresser  dans  leur  langue 
natale.  Envoyez  nous  un  dessein  et  une  description  concise 
pour  notre  examen.  Toutes  communications  seront  recues 
en  confidence.  Chaque  personne,  soit  native  ou  etrangere, 
une  seule  exception,  peut  obtenir  une  patente  dans  les  Etats 
Unis  sous  les  memes  conditions  que  les  citoyens.  On  parle 
francais  dans  notre  bureau.  MUNX  <fe  Co., 

37  Park  Row,  New- York,  Scientific  American  Office. 


NEW-YORK   AND   WASHINGTON. 


107 


NEW-TOSS  AND  WASHINGTON. 


THERE  are  perhaps  no  two  cities  in  this  country  to  which 
inventors  and  patentees  are  more  frequently  called,  in  the 
course  of  business,  than  New- York  and  Washington.  For 
the  convenience  of  our  inventive  friends,  we  subjoin  a  list 
of  the  principal  objects  and  places  of  interest,  which  they 
should  endeavor  to  see  whenever  they  visit  either  place. 
Inventors  will  always  be  welcoine  at  our  offices  in  New- York 
or  Washington ;  and  we  hope  they  will  "  walk  in  "  without 
knocking.  We  shall  be  happy  to  give  them  any  informa- 
tion. (See  page  13.) 

WASHINGTON.-PLACES    OF  INTEREST. 


Arsenal. 
Alexandria,  Va. 
Aqueduct. 

Battle-Fields  of  Bull  Run. 
Congressional  Cemetery. 
Capitol  and  Grounds. 
Georgetown  Heights. 
General  Post-Office. 
Government  Insane  Asylum. 
Government  Green-Houses. 
Jackson's  Statue. 
Long  Bridge. 
Mount  Vernon. 


National  Observatory 

Navy  Yard. 

Navy  Department. 

Potomac  Falls. 

Presidential  Mansion  andGardens. 

Patent  Office. 

Scientific  American  Office. 

Smithsonian  Institute. 

Soldier's  Home. 

Treasury  Department.  j 

War  Department. 

Washington  Monument. 

Washington's  Statues. 


NEW-YORK.— PLACES    OF    INTEREST. 


Academy  of  Music. 
Academy  of  Design. 
Asylum  for  the  Blind. 
Astor  Library. 
Atlantic  Docks. 
Battery. 
Bible  House. 
BlackwelPs  Island. 
Central  Park. 
City  Hall. 
Cooper  Institute. 
Croton  Reservoir. 
Dry  Dock. 
Fort  Hamilton. 
Fort  Lafayette. 
Governor's  Island. 


Greenwood  Cemetery. 

High  Bridge. 

Hoboken. 

Navy  Yard. 

Post-Office. 

Scientific  American  Office. 

Sub- Treasury. 

South  Street. 

Staten  Island. 

Tombs. 

Trinity  Church. 

United  States  Custom  House. 

Washington  Monument. 

Worth   Alonument. 

Wall  Street. 

Washington  Market. 


Alcohol,  Force  of, 

Amendments, 

Appeals, 


Application  for  Patents,  5,  9,77 
Arsenic,      ....       34 
Assignments,     .        .        .30.61 
Assignees,  Rights  of, 
Austrian  Patents, 
A  Word  to  Inquirers, 
Belgian  Patents, 
Bill  in  Equity,    . 
British  Patents,  . 
Caveats, 

Cement  Paint,    . 
Charcoal,  Properties  of, 
Chemical  Inventions, 
Circle,  Problems, 


35  j  Inventor  must  apply, 
.  ^     10    Joint  Inventors, 
.  10,24!  Lapsed  Cases, 


License,  Form  for, 


Mechanical  Movements,  .       85 
Minerals  removed  by  Crops,  106 


60  Models,  '.'".  '.  ~  11, 22, 35 
41  i  Multum  in  Parvo,  .  .  91 
104  i  New- York  Places  of  Interest,107 
41  i  Oath,  to  Patents,  .  .  21 
64  Officials  can  not  hold  Patents,  56 
41  i  Official  Rules,  Patent  Office,  20 
8, 63  |  Patent  Laws  of  the  U.  S. ,  52 
15  j  Patent-Office,  Rules,  .  20 
82  Patents,  How  to  obtain,  5, 9, 13 
51  i  Patents,  How  to  sell.  42 

44  j  Patents,  Value  of,     .  4 

Completion  of  Application,  60  I  Patents  on  Small  Things,  45 
Contested  Cases,  .  .  69  |  Patented  Articles,  Stamping,  62 
Copies  of  Patents,  .  .  101  I  Patentee,  Rights  of, .  .  30 
Copy-rights,  .  .  34  j  Penalty  for  Stamping,  «2 

'-  -  '—  »-—•*-     9    Petition  for  Patent,  Form, 


Cost  of  applying  for  Patent* 

Courts,  Powers  of,     . 

Cuban  Patents, . 

Date  of  Patent, . 

Design  Patents, 

Disclaimers, 

Drawings,  .... 

Electric  Spark,  . 

Electric  Conductors, 


Pleadings  in  Infringement, 
Power  of  Water. 


41    .._ 

24    Preliminary  Examinations, 
13    Purchasers,  Rights  of, 
29    Quick  Applications,  . 
22  |  Record  Evidei 
19    Reissues, 


ence, 


40 


Remittances, 

Rights  of  Women  and  Minors,14 

Royalty,      . 

Rules,  Patent-Office, 

Sound, 


46  i  Rejected  Applications. 

Engravings  and  Advertising.  100    Rela  ting  to  Patents. . 
Examinations,  . 
Examiners-in-Chief, . 
Extension  of  Patents, 
Fees,  Official,  Table  of 
Foreign  Patents, 
Forms  of  Assignments, 
French  Patents, 
General  Information, 
Geometry,  Practical, 
Going  to  Washington, 
Harness  Blacking,     . 
Heat  Conductors,      . 
Heat,  Effects  of,  Table, 
Heirs  of  Inventor,     . 
Hints  to  Letter- Writers, 
Horse-Power,     . 
How  to  Invent,  . 
How  to  obtain  Patents, 
How  to  sell  Patents, 
Income  from  Patents, 
Infringement,  Suits  for. 
Infringements,  . 
Interferences,    . 


31    Specification,  the,     .        .       58 

41  Steam-Engine,  the,   .  37 
.    7, 20    Steam,  Pressure  of,  Table,      98 

83    Substitute  for  Belts  andGears,98 
.      101    Substitute  for  the  Crank.        82 
14    Suits,  Law  Patents,  .       .       68 
50    Tracing-Paper,  .  35 

81  Trade-Marks.  .  .  .15, 76 
60  Use,  prior  to  Patent.  .  57 
38  Value  of  Brains,  .  .  99 
49  Value  of  Patents.  .  .  4 
3  Vane,  a  Sparkling,  .  .  46 
.  5, 9  Voice  of  the  People,  .  36 

42  Washington.  Places  of,    .      107 
44    What  is  it  worth?     .        .       97 
68  ;  Who  mav  obtain  Patents.       20 

102,97  i  Will  it  Pay?       ...       97 
25  i  Witnesses",  Fees  and  Rights,  65 


nn 
i  no 


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